{"id":1168,"date":"2025-02-16T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-02-16T09:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/?p=1168"},"modified":"2026-06-01T08:43:01","modified_gmt":"2026-06-01T08:43:01","slug":"el-debate-metafisico-moderno","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/el-debate-metafisico-moderno\/","title":{"rendered":"El debat metaf\u00edsic modern i la necessitat d\u201fun fonament segur per al coneixement"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"yoast-breadcrumbs\"><span><span><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/\">Portada<\/a><\/span> \u00bb <span><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/category\/historia-de-la-filosofia\/\">Hist\u00f2ria de la Filosofia<\/a><\/span> \u00bb <span><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/category\/historia-de-la-filosofia\/filosofia-moderna\/\">Filosofia Moderna<\/a><\/span> \u00bb <span class=\"breadcrumb_last\" aria-current=\"page\">El debat metaf\u00edsic modern i la necessitat d\u201fun fonament segur per al coneixement<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Introducci\u00f3<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>La <a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/historia-de-la-filosofia-2o-bach\/filosofia-moderna-2o-bach\/\">filosofia moderna<\/a> que estudiem a <a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/historia-de-la-filosofia-2o-bach\/\">2n de batxillerat<\/a> es troba fortament centrada en el debat metaf\u00edsic. Aquest debat metaf\u00edsic modern gira entorn de la q\u00fcesti\u00f3 fonamental de quin tipus de saber pot ser la metaf\u00edsica i si aquesta t\u00e9 un lloc leg\u00edtim dins del coneixement hum\u00e0. Aquesta discussi\u00f3 es va desenvolupar principalment durant els segles XVII i XVIII, amb figures clau com Descartes, Leibniz i Kant. Acompanyeu-nos a explorar el problema de la metaf\u00edsica com saber i la revoluci\u00f3 filos\u00f2fica proposada per Kant, que va marcar un punt d&#039;inflexi\u00f3 en aquest camp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00cdndexs<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-spotify wp-block-embed-spotify wp-embed-aspect-21-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"Spotify Embed: Fonament segur per al coneixement\" style=\"border-radius: 12px\" width=\"100%\" height=\"152\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; fullscreen; picture-in-picture\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/embed\/episode\/5PkqCVGgmoWgNE3ysd8TvY?si=IUallh2zSsOv-ILcLtqtPQ&amp;utm_source=oembed\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"La necessitat d&#039;un fonament segur per al coneixement\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/q63GjKIf6ig?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Redaccion-La-necesidad-de-un-fundamento-seguro-para-el-conocimiento.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Incrustaci\u00f3 del fitxer Redacci\u00f3n - La necesidad de un fundamento seguro para el conocimiento.\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-48ceeee2-6958-46f3-b179-502baafc4c1f\" href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Redaccion-La-necesidad-de-un-fundamento-seguro-para-el-conocimiento.pdf\">Redacci\u00f3 \u2013 La necessitat d&#039;un fonament segur per al coneixement<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Redaccion-La-necesidad-de-un-fundamento-seguro-para-el-conocimiento.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-48ceeee2-6958-46f3-b179-502baafc4c1f\">Desc\u00e0rrega<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">La necessitat d&#039;un fonament segur per al coneixement:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Introducci\u00f3: gir epistemol\u00f2gic de la metaf\u00edsica moderna i \u00abla revoluci\u00f3 cient\u00edfica\u00bb<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00cdndex<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Descarts\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>M\u00e8tode i regles del m\u00e8tode<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>El dubte met\u00f2dic: cogito (fonament segur per al coneixement)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Idees i demostraci\u00f3 de l\u00b4exist\u00e8ncia de D\u00e9u (la Idea de D\u00e9u \u00e9s el segon fonament segur per al coneixement)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Locke, l&#039;empirisme i la cr\u00edtica a l&#039;innatisme<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hume\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Relacions didees i q\u00fcestions de fet<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>El problema de la causalitat i la cr\u00edtica a la ra\u00f3 com un fonament segur per al coneixement<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kant\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Fenomen i no\u00famen (explicar la difer\u00e8ncia, no hi ha coneixement segur sobre el no\u00famen)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Facultats de la ment: ra\u00f3, sensibilitat i entesa<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Les categories a priori de l&#039;entesa s\u00f3n el fonament segur per al coneixement<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">El debat metaf\u00edsic modern<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Introducci\u00f3: el gir epistemol\u00f2gic de la metaf\u00edsica \/ \u00abconcepte de subst\u00e0ncia\u00bb<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00cdndex<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Racionalisme vs empirisme \/ Kant com a s\u00edntesi del racionalisme i de l&#039;empirisme<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>El racionalisme cartesi\u00e0\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>El dubte met\u00f2dic<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>El cogito <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Innatisme<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Proves de l&#039;exist\u00e8ncia de D\u00e9u i concepte de subst\u00e0ncia (q\u00fcestions clau de la metaf\u00edsica racionalista \u2013 Spinoza)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Locke:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cr\u00edtica a l&#039;innatisme <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Subst\u00e0ncia com a idea complexa<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>L&#039;empirisme de Hume<ul><li>Cr\u00edtica a la ra\u00f3 com a fonament segur per al coneixement<\/li><\/ul> (\u00abrelacions d?idees i q\u00fcestions de fet\u00bb)\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>El problema de la causalitat<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>La proposta de Kant com a s\u00edntesi del racionalisme i l&#039;empirisme\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>No\u00famen i fenomen<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Empirisme: sensibilitat<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Racionalisme: enteniment<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ra\u00f3: idees (D\u00e9u, \u00e0nima i m\u00f3n \u2013 no hi ha coneixement metaf\u00edsic)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>La metaf\u00edsica \u00e9s un saber a priori sint\u00e8tic sobre les condicions de possibilitat del coneixement.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-spotify wp-block-embed-spotify wp-embed-aspect-21-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"Spotify Embed: Principals figures del racionalisme modern\" style=\"border-radius: 12px\" width=\"100%\" height=\"152\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; fullscreen; picture-in-picture\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/embed\/episode\/5ItmvgXraLyNfjYyYSdcIC?si=t7kphG0pT1SAm8jLozdV2g&amp;utm_source=oembed\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Principals figures del racionalisme modern\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/mXN5WXBN4eo?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Redaccion-Racionalismo.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Incrustaci\u00f3 del fitxer Redacci\u00f3n - Racionalismo.\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-9b1f1e2a-0a1a-427c-b84c-54c0eb56133b\" href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Redaccion-Racionalismo.pdf\">Redacci\u00f3 \u2013 Racionalisme<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Redaccion-Racionalismo.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-9b1f1e2a-0a1a-427c-b84c-54c0eb56133b\">Desc\u00e0rrega<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Principals figures del racionalisme:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Introducci\u00f3: el racionalisme i el gir epistemol\u00f2gic de la metaf\u00edsica moderna<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00cdndex<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Caracteritzaci\u00f3 del racionalisme: universalitat de la ra\u00f3 i innatisme<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Descarts<ul><li>Ra\u00f3, certesa i evid\u00e8ncia<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>M\u00e8tode i regles del m\u00e8tode<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>El dubte met\u00f2dic<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>El cogito com a fonament<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Idees i demostraci\u00f3 de l\u00b4exist\u00e8ncia de D\u00e9u<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Subst\u00e0ncia a Descartes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Voluntat i llibertat<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Spinoza\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Subst\u00e0ncia infinita<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cr\u00edtica al lliure albir<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Principals figures de l&#039;empirisme\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/0JEEbwVfIOY?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-spotify wp-block-embed-spotify wp-embed-aspect-21-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"Spotify Embed: Principals figures de l&#039;empirisme\" style=\"border-radius: 12px\" width=\"100%\" height=\"152\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; fullscreen; picture-in-picture\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/embed\/episode\/7BGAUa75ihdLzR24Holr8M?si=mdy2M9DXS2W8fUy_gpmiQA&amp;utm_source=oembed\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Redaccion-Empirismo.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Incrustaci\u00f3 del fitxer Redaccion - Empirismo.\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-401dabbf-4caf-47ea-a9ba-ffa0ed239f9a\" href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Redaccion-Empirismo.pdf\">Redacci\u00f3 \u2013 Empirisme<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Redaccion-Empirismo.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-401dabbf-4caf-47ea-a9ba-ffa0ed239f9a\">Desc\u00e0rrega<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Principals figures de l&#039;empirisme:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Introducci\u00f3: l&#039;empirisme i el gir epistemol\u00f2gic de la metaf\u00edsica<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00cdndex<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Caracteritzaci\u00f3 de l&#039;empirisme: import\u00e0ncia dels sentits<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Locke:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cr\u00edtica a l&#039;innatisme<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Percepci\u00f3: reflexi\u00f3 i sensaci\u00f3<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Idees simples i compostes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Idees simples: qualitats prim\u00e0ries i secund\u00e0ries<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Idea de subst\u00e0ncia com a idea secund\u00e0ria<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hume:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Relacions didees i q\u00fcestions de fet<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>El problema de la causalitat<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">El gir epistemol\u00f2gic de la metaf\u00edsica<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Un dels moments m\u00e9s decisius en la hist\u00f2ria de la filosofia moderna \u00e9s el pas d&#039;una metaf\u00edsica centrada en el \u00abser\u00bb a una metaf\u00edsica centrada en \u00abcon\u00e8ixer\u00bb. Aquest despla\u00e7ament de l&#039;eix de la reflexi\u00f3 filos\u00f2fica \u00e9s el que anomenem el <strong>gir epistemol\u00f2gic de la metaf\u00edsica<\/strong>, i constitueix una transformaci\u00f3 radical respecte a la tradici\u00f3 anterior, tant en la seva orientaci\u00f3 com en el m\u00e8tode.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Durant segles, la metaf\u00edsica s&#039;havia ent\u00e8s com la disciplina que estudia els principis darrers de la realitat: l&#039;\u00e9sser, la subst\u00e0ncia, la causa, D\u00e9u, l&#039;\u00e0nima. Arist\u00f2til la definia com la \u00abfilosofia primera\u00bb, i l&#039;escol\u00e0stica medieval, en continu\u00eftat amb aquesta tradici\u00f3, s&#039;ocupava de D\u00e9u com el fonament absolut de l&#039;\u00e9sser. No obstant aix\u00f2, amb la irrupci\u00f3 de la modernitat i la crisi dels models tradicionals d&#039;autoritat (pol\u00edtica, religiosa, cient\u00edfica), la filosofia experimenta una reorientaci\u00f3 decisiva: ja no n&#039;hi ha prou amb preguntar qu\u00e8 \u00e9s real, sin\u00f3 que cal preguntar-se <strong>com podem con\u00e8ixer all\u00f2 real<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aquesta nova orientaci\u00f3 t\u00e9 l&#039;origen en el racionalisme cartesi\u00e0. Descartes inaugura el pensament modern posant en dubte tot el saber rebut i buscant un fonament indubtable per al coneixement. El seu fam\u00f3s <em>cogito, ergo sum<\/em> \u00e9s un punt de partida subjectiu que marca el comen\u00e7ament duna metaf\u00edsica del coneixement. En lloc de partir de l&#039;\u00e9sser, parteix del pensar: del subjecte que coneix. A partir d&#039;aqu\u00ed, la metaf\u00edsica es converteix progressivament en una <strong>investigaci\u00f3 cr\u00edtica sobre les condicions del coneixement hum\u00e0<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">El debat metaf\u00edsic modern: Racionalisme vs Empirisme<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>El gir epistemol\u00f2gic no es limita a Descartes, sin\u00f3 que estructura bona part de la filosofia moderna, particularment a l&#039;enfrontament entre <strong>racionalisme<\/strong> y <strong>empirisme<\/strong>. Aquest enfrontament sol anomenar-se com \u00abEl debat metaf\u00edsic modern\u00bb. Els racionalistes (com Leibniz o Spinoza) sostenen que el coneixement veritable ha de fundar-se en principis racionals, necessaris i universals. Davant d&#039;ells, els empiristes (com Locke o Hume) defensen que tot coneixement procedeix de l&#039;experi\u00e8ncia sensible i rebutgen la idea de coneixements innats o necessaris.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aquesta disputa, m\u00e9s que una simple difer\u00e8ncia metodol\u00f2gica, revela una tensi\u00f3 de fons sobre la possibilitat mateixa de la metaf\u00edsica. Per Hume, per exemple, la metaf\u00edsica tradicional no t\u00e9 sentit, ja que els seus conceptes no deriven d&#039;impressions sensibles i, per tant, no tenen validesa cognitiva. Aix\u00ed, la cr\u00edtica empirista empeny la metaf\u00edsica a un atzucac, que ser\u00e0 finalment enfrontat per Kant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">El racionalisme: la ra\u00f3 com el fonament del coneixement<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>El racionalisme \u00e9s un corrent filos\u00f2fic que sost\u00e9 que la ra\u00f3, per si sola, \u00e9s capa\u00e7 dassolir coneixements veritables, universals i necessaris sobre la realitat, sense necessitat de rec\u00f3rrer exclusivament a lexperi\u00e8ncia sensible. Aquesta confian\u00e7a en la capacitat aut\u00f2noma del pensament caracteritza alguns dels principals pensadors de la modernitat, entre els quals hi ha autors com Descartes i Leibniz, que van defensar que hi ha principis racionals evidents des dels quals es pot derivar el coneixement, fins i tot en \u00e0rees com la metaf\u00edsica o les matem\u00e0tiques.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Descartis: la metaf\u00edsica com a base del coneixement<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Ren\u00e9 <a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/el-metodo-de-descartes\/\">Descarts <\/a>considerava que la metaf\u00edsica era necess\u00e0ria per proporcionar un fonament segur en saber. Al seu <em>Meditacions metaf\u00edsiques<\/em>, planteja que nom\u00e9s la certesa del Cogito, ergo sum (Penso, despr\u00e9s existeixo) pot servir com a punt de partida per construir tot el coneixement, incloent el cient\u00edfic. Per a Descartes, l&#039;exist\u00e8ncia de D\u00e9u i la immortalitat de l&#039;\u00e0nima tamb\u00e9 eren q\u00fcestions metaf\u00edsiques essencials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aqu\u00ed teniu un resum de la filosofia cartesiana:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/La-filosofia-de-Descartes.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Incrustaci\u00f3 del fitxer La filosof\u00eda de Descartes.\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-185c0ed7-7b82-4e26-b9a3-24ee1add13d7\" href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/La-filosofia-de-Descartes.pdf\">La filosofia de Descartes<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/La-filosofia-de-Descartes.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-185c0ed7-7b82-4e26-b9a3-24ee1add13d7\">Desc\u00e0rrega<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Els documents seg\u00fcents es corresponen amb uns fragments del Discurs del m\u00e8tode i de la primera meditaci\u00f3 de les Meditacions metaf\u00edsiques:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Descartes-Primera-meditacion.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Incrustaci\u00f3 del fitxer Descartes - Primera meditaci\u00f3n.\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-152a3778-e770-4987-ac01-c0ea7c310ccb\" href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Descartes-Primera-meditacion.pdf\">Descartes \u2013 Primera meditaci\u00f3<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Descartes-Primera-meditacion.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-152a3778-e770-4987-ac01-c0ea7c310ccb\">Desc\u00e0rrega<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Descartes-Discurso-del-metodo.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Incrustaci\u00f3 del fitxer Descartes - Discurso del m\u00e9todo.\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-d2b4d875-bc43-4ec7-b219-ca5cac8f1956\" href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Descartes-Discurso-del-metodo.pdf\">Descartes \u2013 Discurs del m\u00e8tode<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Descartes-Discurso-del-metodo.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-d2b4d875-bc43-4ec7-b219-ca5cac8f1956\">Desc\u00e0rrega<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A continuaci\u00f3 et deixem les nostres entrades sobre la filosofia cartesiana:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class='pt-cv-wrapper'> <div class=\"pt-cv-view pt-cv-overlaygrid iscvblock iscvreal overlay5 layout1\" id=\"pt-cv-view-7qr27938\"><div data-id=\"pt-cv-page-1\" class=\"pt-cv-page\" data-cvc=\"4\"><div class=\"pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col cv-main-post\" ><div class=\"pt-cv-thumb-wrapper\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/comentario-de-texto-de-descartes-resuelto-discurso-del-metodo\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"492\" src=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/descartes-e1738934723687.webp\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"comentario de texto descartes resuelto\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-overlay-wrapper\"><div class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/comentario-de-texto-de-descartes-resuelto-discurso-del-metodo\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Comentari de text de Descartes resolt \u2013 Discurs del m\u00e8tode<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class=\"pt-cv-thumb-wrapper  miniwrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/descartes-2-bachillerat\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"204\" height=\"114\" src=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/images-2-e1737792564599.jpeg\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail pt-cv-thumbnailsm\" alt=\"La verdad en Descartes\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-overlay-wrapper\"><div class=\"pt-cv-title pt-cv-titlesm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/descartes-2-bachillerat\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >De l&#039;Edat Mitjana a la Modernitat: El M\u00f3n on Va sorgir Descartes<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class=\"pt-cv-thumb-wrapper  miniwrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/descartes-verdad\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"490\" height=\"214\" src=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/4756802133_eb460e6811_z-e1737740580920.jpg\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail pt-cv-thumbnailsm\" alt=\"Ren\u00e9 Descartes y su criterio de verdad\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-overlay-wrapper\"><div class=\"pt-cv-title pt-cv-titlesm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/descartes-verdad\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >El criteri de veritat a Descartes<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class=\"pt-cv-thumb-wrapper  miniwrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/el-metodo-de-descartes\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"490\" height=\"214\" src=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/4756802133_eb460e6811_z-e1737740580920.jpg\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail pt-cv-thumbnailsm\" alt=\"Ren\u00e9 Descartes y su criterio de verdad\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-overlay-wrapper\"><div class=\"pt-cv-title pt-cv-titlesm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/el-metodo-de-descartes\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Les regles del m\u00e8tode a Descartes<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div> <\/div> <style>\n#pt-cv-view-7qr27938 .pt-cv-thumb-wrapper::before {background: rgba(0,0,0,.4); opacity: 0.8;}#pt-cv-view-7qr27938 .pt-cv-overlay-wrapper {justify-content: center;}\n#pt-cv-view-7qr27938 .pt-cv-meta-fields {  }#pt-cv-view-7qr27938 .pt-cv-meta-fields * { font-size: 13px; }#pt-cv-view-7qr27938 .pt-cv-title a { display: block; }#pt-cv-view-7qr27938 .pt-cv-title:not(.pt-cv-titlesm) a { font-weight: 600;text-decoration: none;font-size: 26px; }#pt-cv-view-7qr27938 .pt-cv-titlesm a { font-weight: 600;font-size: 20px; }#pt-cv-view-7qr27938 .pt-cv-content { font-size: 15px; }#pt-cv-view-7qr27938 .pt-cv-rmwrap {  }#pt-cv-view-7qr27938 .pt-cv-readmore { color: #fff;background-color: #0075ff;font-size: 14px; }#pt-cv-view-7qr27938 .pt-cv-taxoterm { margin: 0px 0px 20px 0px; }#pt-cv-view-7qr27938 .pt-cv-taxoterm * { color: #222;background-color: #fff6f6;font-size: 14px; }#pt-cv-view-7qr27938 + .pt-cv-pagination-wrapper {  }#pt-cv-view-7qr27938 + .pt-cv-pagination-wrapper a { font-size: 14px; }#pt-cv-view-7qr27938 > .pt-cv-page {grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr);grid-auto-rows: 250px;grid-gap: 10px;}#pt-cv-view-7qr27938:not(.layout1) { opacity: 0; height: calc(250px * 2); }\n@media all and (max-width: 1024px) { \n#pt-cv-view-7qr27938 > .pt-cv-page {grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr);}#pt-cv-view-7qr27938:not(.layout1) { opacity: 0; height: calc( * 2); }\n} \n@media all and (max-width: 767px) { \n#pt-cv-view-7qr27938 > .pt-cv-page {grid-template-columns: repeat(1, 1fr);}#pt-cv-view-7qr27938:not(.layout1) { opacity: 0; height: calc( * 2); }\n} <\/style>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Baruch Spinoza: racionalisme i unitat de la realitat<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Baruch Spinoza (1632\u20131677) \u00e9s una de les figures m\u00e9s singulars i radicals del racionalisme modern. Influ\u00eft pel pensament de Descartes, Spinoza porta l&#039;exig\u00e8ncia de claredat i necessitat l\u00f2gica a l&#039;extrem, construint el seu sistema filos\u00f2fic a la seva obra principal, <em>\u00c8tica demostrada segons l&#039;ordre geom\u00e8tric<\/em>, amb un m\u00e8tode similar al de les matem\u00e0tiques. Per ell, la ra\u00f3 no nom\u00e9s \u00e9s capa\u00e7 d&#039;assolir la veritat, sin\u00f3 que ho ha de fer mitjan\u00e7ant demostracions clares, evidents i necess\u00e0ries, com a la geometria euclidiana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La tesi central de Spinoza \u00e9s la <strong>identitat entre D\u00e9u i la natura<\/strong> (<em>Deus sive Natura<\/em>). Davant la concepci\u00f3 tradicional d&#039;un D\u00e9u transcendent, Spinoza afirma que nom\u00e9s hi ha una \u00fanica subst\u00e0ncia infinita, eterna i necess\u00e0ria, que \u00e9s causa de si mateixa i de tot all\u00f2 que existeix. Aquesta subst\u00e0ncia pot ser entesa tant com D\u00e9u com a Natura, i tot el que hi ha s\u00f3n maneres o manifestacions d&#039;aquesta \u00fanica realitat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>El coneixement racional permet comprendre l&#039;ordre necessari del m\u00f3n i, aix\u00ed, assolir la llibertat. Per a Spinoza, ser lliures no vol dir actuar sense causes, sin\u00f3 comprendre les causes que ens determinen. Aix\u00ed, la veritable llibertat \u00e9s fruit del coneixement racional de la necessitat. Per tant, la seva concepci\u00f3 de la llibertat \u00e9s, alhora, una cr\u00edtica a la idea de lliure albir, \u00e9s a dir, a la idea que les nostres accions i decisions s\u00f3n contingents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"SPINOZA - Molt SENZILL - Subst\u00e0ncia, atributs, causalitat i l&#039;\u00c8tica en la filosofia de Spinoza\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/b0qX4w468mk?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class='pt-cv-wrapper'> <div class=\"pt-cv-view pt-cv-blockgrid iscvblock iscvreal list1 layout1\" id=\"pt-cv-view-bewk4drk\"><div data-id=\"pt-cv-page-1\" class=\"pt-cv-page\" data-cvc=\"1\"><div class=\"pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-2-col\" ><div class=\"pt-cv-thumb-wrapper pull-left\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/comentario-de-texto-etica-spinoza\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-left\" target=\"_self\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"168\" src=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/spinoza.jpg\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail pull-left\" alt=\"Comentario de texto Spinoza\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-colwrap\"><div class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/comentario-de-texto-etica-spinoza\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Comentari de text de Spinoza resolt \u2013 \u00c8tica<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div> <\/div> <style>\n\n#pt-cv-view-bewk4drk .pt-cv-meta-fields {  }#pt-cv-view-bewk4drk .pt-cv-meta-fields * { font-size: 13px; }#pt-cv-view-bewk4drk .pt-cv-thumb-wrapper:not(.miniwrap) { width: 40%; }#pt-cv-view-bewk4drk .pt-cv-thumbnail:not(.pt-cv-thumbnailsm) { height: 300px; }#pt-cv-view-bewk4drk .pt-cv-title a { display: block; }#pt-cv-view-bewk4drk .pt-cv-title:not(.pt-cv-titlesm) a { font-weight: 600;text-decoration: none;font-size: 22px; }#pt-cv-view-bewk4drk .pt-cv-titlesm a { font-weight: 600;font-size: 18px; }#pt-cv-view-bewk4drk .pt-cv-content { font-size: 15px; }#pt-cv-view-bewk4drk .pt-cv-rmwrap {  }#pt-cv-view-bewk4drk .pt-cv-readmore { color: #fff;background-color: #0075ff;font-size: 14px; }#pt-cv-view-bewk4drk .pt-cv-taxoterm {  }#pt-cv-view-bewk4drk .pt-cv-taxoterm * { color: #222;background-color: #fff6f6;font-size: 14px; }#pt-cv-view-bewk4drk + .pt-cv-pagination-wrapper {  }#pt-cv-view-bewk4drk + .pt-cv-pagination-wrapper a { font-size: 14px; }#pt-cv-view-bewk4drk > .pt-cv-page {grid-template-columns: repeat(1, 1fr);grid-gap: 20px;}\n@media all and (max-width: 1024px) { \n#pt-cv-view-bewk4drk > .pt-cv-page {grid-template-columns: repeat(1, 1fr);}\n} \n@media all and (max-width: 767px) { \n#pt-cv-view-bewk4drk .pt-cv-thumb-wrapper:not(.miniwrap) { width: 8px; }#pt-cv-view-bewk4drk .pt-cv-thumbnail:not(.pt-cv-thumbnailsm) { height: 100px; }#pt-cv-view-bewk4drk > .pt-cv-page {grid-template-columns: repeat(1, 1fr);grid-gap: 24px;}\n} <\/style>\n\n\n<p>Us deixo per aqu\u00ed un fragment de la <em>\u00c8tica<\/em> de Spinoza:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Spinoza.-Fragmento-Etica.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Incrustaci\u00f3 del fitxer Spinoza. Fragmento \u00c9tica.\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-1d790b3c-3cbd-43ac-8837-e350e145e178\" href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Spinoza.-Fragmento-Etica.pdf\">Spinoza. Fragment \u00c8tica<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Spinoza.-Fragmento-Etica.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-1d790b3c-3cbd-43ac-8837-e350e145e178\">Desc\u00e0rrega<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">L\u00b4empirisme: el coneixement des de l\u00b4experi\u00e8ncia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>L&#039;empirisme \u00e9s un corrent filos\u00f2fic que defensa que tot coneixement procedeix, directament o indirectament, de l&#039;experi\u00e8ncia. Enfront del racionalisme, que sost\u00e9 l&#039;exist\u00e8ncia d&#039;idees innates i principis universals accessibles per la ra\u00f3, l&#039;empirisme posa l&#039;\u00e8mfasi en la percepci\u00f3 sensible com a origen i l\u00edmit del saber hum\u00e0. Aquesta orientaci\u00f3 adquireix un protagonisme decisiu en la filosofia moderna, especialment en el pensament brit\u00e0nic, i t\u00e9 a John Locke i David Hume dos dels seus representants principals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Et recomano el meu v\u00eddeo de Youtube on explico l&#039;empirisme de Locke i de Hume, acompanyat d&#039;un comentari de text de la <em>Investigaci\u00f3 sobre l&#039;entesa humana<\/em> de Hume:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"L&#039;EMPIRISME: Locke, Hume i un comentari de text - Filosofia per a batxillerat\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/RTf8vK7II1Y?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">John Locke: la ment com a \u00abtaula rasa\u00bb<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>John Locke (1632-1704) \u00e9s considerat el fundador de l&#039;empirisme modern. A la seva obra <em>Assaig sobre l&#039;enteniment hum\u00e0<\/em>, rebutja l&#039;exist\u00e8ncia d&#039;idees innates i sost\u00e9 que el coneixement es forma a partir de l&#039;experi\u00e8ncia. Segons Locke, la ment humana en n\u00e9ixer \u00e9s com una \u00abtaula rasa\u00bb (<em>tabula rasa<\/em>), sense cap contingut. Tot el que sabem prov\u00e9 de dues fonts d&#039;experi\u00e8ncia: la <strong>sensaci\u00f3<\/strong>, que ens proporciona informaci\u00f3 sobre el m\u00f3n extern, i la <strong>reflexi\u00f3<\/strong>, que ens permet con\u00e8ixer les operacions internes de la nostra ment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Locke distingeix entre <strong>idees simples<\/strong>, que es deriven directament de l&#039;experi\u00e8ncia, i <strong>idees complexes<\/strong>, que la ment construeix a partir de les simples mitjan\u00e7ant operacions com la combinaci\u00f3 o l&#039;abstracci\u00f3. Per a Locke, el coneixement veritable es basa en l&#039;adequaci\u00f3 de les nostres idees a la realitat, encara que reconeix certs l\u00edmits en all\u00f2 que podem con\u00e8ixer amb certesa, especialment pel que fa a la naturalesa \u00faltima de les subst\u00e0ncies. Les idees simples poden ser sobre les qualitats prim\u00e0ries dels objectes i les qualitats secund\u00e0ries. Les qualitats prim\u00e0ries s\u00f3n qualitats objectives dels objectes que captem a trav\u00e9s de m\u00e9s sentit. D&#039;altra banda, les qualitats secund\u00e0ries serien captades per nom\u00e9s un dels sentits i s\u00f3n, diu Locke, q\u00fcestions subjectives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Val a dir tamb\u00e9 que, a ulls de Locke, la idea de subst\u00e0ncia no \u00e9s una idea simple, sin\u00f3 que \u00e9s una idea composta elaborada a trav\u00e9s de diferents idees simples. Aix\u00f2 vol dir que no tenim una percepci\u00f3 directa de cap subst\u00e0ncia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Per aqu\u00ed et deixem les nostres entrades sobre la filosofia de Locke:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class='pt-cv-wrapper'> <div class=\"pt-cv-view pt-cv-overlaygrid iscvblock iscvreal overlay1 layout1\" id=\"pt-cv-view-bydleqah\"><div data-id=\"pt-cv-page-1\" class=\"pt-cv-page\" data-cvc=\"3\"><div class=\"pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class=\"pt-cv-thumb-wrapper\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/comentario-de-texto-resuelto-locke\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"471\" src=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/locke-768x471.jpg\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"Comentario de texto Locke resuelto\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-overlay-wrapper\"><div class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/comentario-de-texto-resuelto-locke\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Comentari de text de Locke resolt \u2013 Assaig sobre l&#039;entesa humana<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div> <\/div> <style>\n#pt-cv-view-bydleqah .pt-cv-thumb-wrapper::before {background: rgba(0,0,0,.4); opacity: 0.8;}#pt-cv-view-bydleqah .pt-cv-overlay-wrapper {justify-content: center;}\n#pt-cv-view-bydleqah .pt-cv-meta-fields {  }#pt-cv-view-bydleqah .pt-cv-meta-fields * { font-size: 13px; }#pt-cv-view-bydleqah .pt-cv-title a { display: block; }#pt-cv-view-bydleqah .pt-cv-title:not(.pt-cv-titlesm) a { font-weight: 600;text-decoration: none;font-size: 20px; }#pt-cv-view-bydleqah .pt-cv-titlesm a { font-weight: 600;font-size: 18px; }#pt-cv-view-bydleqah .pt-cv-content { font-size: 15px; }#pt-cv-view-bydleqah .pt-cv-rmwrap {  }#pt-cv-view-bydleqah .pt-cv-readmore { color: #fff;background-color: #0075ff;font-size: 14px; }#pt-cv-view-bydleqah .pt-cv-taxoterm { margin: 0px 0px 20px 0px; }#pt-cv-view-bydleqah .pt-cv-taxoterm * { color: #222;background-color: #fff6f6;font-size: 14px; }#pt-cv-view-bydleqah + .pt-cv-pagination-wrapper {  }#pt-cv-view-bydleqah + .pt-cv-pagination-wrapper a { font-size: 14px; }#pt-cv-view-bydleqah > .pt-cv-page {grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);grid-auto-rows: 250px;grid-gap: 10px;}\n@media all and (max-width: 1024px) { \n#pt-cv-view-bydleqah > .pt-cv-page {}\n} \n@media all and (max-width: 767px) { \n#pt-cv-view-bydleqah > .pt-cv-page {grid-template-columns: repeat(1, 1fr);grid-auto-rows: 188px;grid-gap: 24px;}\n} <\/style>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">David Hume: l&#039;escepticisme com a conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia l\u00f2gica<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>David Hume (1711\u20131776) porta l&#039;empirisme fins a les \u00faltimes conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies, desenvolupant una postura esc\u00e8ptica sobre molts dels sup\u00f2sits tradicionals de la metaf\u00edsica. Al seu <em>Investigaci\u00f3 sobre l&#039;entesa humana<\/em>, Hume afirma que tot el contingut de la ment es redueix a percepcions, que classifica en <strong>impressions<\/strong> (m\u00e9s vives) e <strong>idees<\/strong> (c\u00f2pies m\u00e9s febles de les impressions).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La teoria del coneixement o epistemologia proposada per David Hume parteix de la difer\u00e8ncia entre les <strong>q\u00fcestions de fet<\/strong> i les <strong>relacions d&#039;idees<\/strong>. Les <strong>relacions d&#039;idees<\/strong> s\u00f3n veritats necess\u00e0ries, universals i demostrables <em>a priori<\/em>, com les matem\u00e0tiques i la l\u00f2gica: la seva validesa dep\u00e8n \u00fanicament de l&#039;an\u00e0lisi dels conceptes implicats, i la seva negaci\u00f3 implica contradicci\u00f3 (per exemple, \u201ctot triangle t\u00e9 tres costats\u201d). En canvi, les <strong>q\u00fcestions de fet<\/strong> es refereixen a la realitat emp\u00edrica i nom\u00e9s es poden con\u00e8ixer <em>a posteriori<\/em>, mitjan\u00e7ant l&#039;experi\u00e8ncia sensible; s\u00f3n sempre contingents i la seva negaci\u00f3 no implica contradicci\u00f3 (per exemple, \u201cel sol sortir\u00e0 dem\u00e0\u201d). Amb aquesta distinci\u00f3, Hume mostra que gran part del que creiem saber sobre el m\u00f3n \u2014especialment les lleis causals\u2014 no t\u00e9 necessitat racional, sin\u00f3 que es basa en el costum i l&#039;h\u00e0bit, cosa que condueix a la seva coneguda cr\u00edtica del fonament racional de la causalitat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hume nega que puguem justificar racionalment les nostres creences sobre la causalitat, la identitat personal o lexist\u00e8ncia del m\u00f3n extern. Per exemple, no veiem mai la causa en si, sin\u00f3 nom\u00e9s una successi\u00f3 constant de fen\u00f2mens: quan una bola de billar en colpeja una altra, veiem el moviment, per\u00f2 no la \u00abfor\u00e7a causal\u00bb. Aix\u00ed, conceptes fonamentals de la metaf\u00edsica cl\u00e0ssica queden redu\u00efts a h\u00e0bits dassociaci\u00f3 psicol\u00f2gica, no a coneixements racionals fundats.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La seva cr\u00edtica radical al concepte de causa ia la possibilitat de la metaf\u00edsica influir\u00e0 profundament en la filosofia posterior, especialment a Kant, que afirma que va ser Hume qui el va despertar del seu somni dogm\u00e0tic. Per aqu\u00ed us deixo els textos en qu\u00e8 Hume exposa les seves idees respecte del principi de causalitat:<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Hume.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Incrustaci\u00f3 del fitxer Hume.\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-66a059e7-dd0e-41de-a6e0-5db1fb553adf\" href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Hume.pdf\">Hume<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Hume.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-66a059e7-dd0e-41de-a6e0-5db1fb553adf\">Desc\u00e0rrega<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Comentari de text de HUME EXPLICAT - Filosofia per a l&#039;EBAU i 2n de batxillerat\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/avMrImX7Dws?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Per aqu\u00ed us deixem totes les entrades dedicades a Hume, on s&#039;inclouen alguns comentaris de text resolts:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class='pt-cv-wrapper'> <div class=\"pt-cv-view pt-cv-overlaygrid iscvblock iscvreal overlay1 layout1\" id=\"pt-cv-view-jrdha6m4\"><div data-id=\"pt-cv-page-1\" class=\"pt-cv-page\" data-cvc=\"3\"><div class=\"pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class=\"pt-cv-thumb-wrapper\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/comentario-de-texto-de-hume-y-la-investigacion-sobre-el-conocimiento-humano\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/plugins\/content-views-query-and-display-post-page\/public\/assets\/images\/default_image.png\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail cv-default-img\" alt=\"Comentario de texto de Hume y la Investigaci\u00f3n sobre el Conocimiento Humano\" title=\"\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-overlay-wrapper\"><div class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/comentario-de-texto-de-hume-y-la-investigacion-sobre-el-conocimiento-humano\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Comentari de text de Hume i la Investigaci\u00f3 sobre el Coneixement Hum\u00e0<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class=\"pt-cv-thumb-wrapper\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/locke-hume-sustancia\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/plugins\/content-views-query-and-display-post-page\/public\/assets\/images\/default_image.png\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail cv-default-img\" alt=\"\u00bfQu\u00e9 es la sustancia? Una clave para entender el empirismo de Locke y Hume\" title=\"\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-overlay-wrapper\"><div class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/locke-hume-sustancia\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Qu\u00e8 \u00e9s la subst\u00e0ncia? Una clau per entendre l&#039;empirisme de Locke i Hume<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class=\"pt-cv-thumb-wrapper\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/hume-agnosticismo\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"401\" src=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/18253-768x401.webp\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"Comentario de texto Hume resuelto\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-overlay-wrapper\"><div class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/hume-agnosticismo\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Hum davant la q\u00fcesti\u00f3 de D\u00e9u: agnosticisme i cr\u00edtica filos\u00f2fica<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class=\"pt-cv-thumb-wrapper\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/emotivismo-moral-de-david-hume\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"401\" src=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/18253-768x401.webp\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"Comentario de texto Hume resuelto\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-overlay-wrapper\"><div class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/emotivismo-moral-de-david-hume\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >L&#039;emotivisme moral de David Hume<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class=\"pt-cv-thumb-wrapper\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/comentario-de-texto-hume-tratado-sobre-la-naturaleza-humana\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"401\" src=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/18253-768x401.webp\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"Comentario de texto Hume resuelto\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-overlay-wrapper\"><div class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/comentario-de-texto-hume-tratado-sobre-la-naturaleza-humana\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Comentari de text \u2013 Hume. Tractat de la naturalesa humana<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class=\"pt-cv-thumb-wrapper\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/comentario-de-texto-hume-investigacion-sobre-el-entendimiento-humano\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"401\" src=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/18253-768x401.webp\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"Comentario de texto Hume resuelto\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-overlay-wrapper\"><div class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/comentario-de-texto-hume-investigacion-sobre-el-entendimiento-humano\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Comentari de text \u2013 David Hume. Investigaci\u00f3 sobre l&#039;entesa humana (PAU 2022)<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div> <\/div> <style>\n#pt-cv-view-jrdha6m4 .pt-cv-thumb-wrapper::before {background: rgba(0,0,0,.4); opacity: 0.8;}#pt-cv-view-jrdha6m4 .pt-cv-overlay-wrapper {justify-content: center;}\n#pt-cv-view-jrdha6m4 .pt-cv-meta-fields {  }#pt-cv-view-jrdha6m4 .pt-cv-meta-fields * { font-size: 13px; }#pt-cv-view-jrdha6m4 .pt-cv-title a { display: block; }#pt-cv-view-jrdha6m4 .pt-cv-title:not(.pt-cv-titlesm) a { font-weight: 600;text-decoration: none;font-size: 20px; }#pt-cv-view-jrdha6m4 .pt-cv-titlesm a { font-weight: 600;font-size: 18px; }#pt-cv-view-jrdha6m4 .pt-cv-content { font-size: 15px; }#pt-cv-view-jrdha6m4 .pt-cv-rmwrap {  }#pt-cv-view-jrdha6m4 .pt-cv-readmore { color: #fff;background-color: #0075ff;font-size: 14px; }#pt-cv-view-jrdha6m4 .pt-cv-taxoterm { margin: 0px 0px 20px 0px; }#pt-cv-view-jrdha6m4 .pt-cv-taxoterm * { color: #222;background-color: #fff6f6;font-size: 14px; }#pt-cv-view-jrdha6m4 + .pt-cv-pagination-wrapper {  }#pt-cv-view-jrdha6m4 + .pt-cv-pagination-wrapper a { font-size: 14px; }#pt-cv-view-jrdha6m4 > .pt-cv-page {grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);grid-auto-rows: 250px;grid-gap: 10px;}\n@media all and (max-width: 1024px) { \n#pt-cv-view-jrdha6m4 > .pt-cv-page {}\n} \n@media all and (max-width: 767px) { \n#pt-cv-view-jrdha6m4 > .pt-cv-page {grid-template-columns: repeat(1, 1fr);grid-auto-rows: 181px;}\n} <\/style>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">La Filosofia Cr\u00edtica d&#039;Immanuel Kant<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"KANT i la METAF\u00cdSICA \/ Filosofia per a l&#039;Evau i 2n de Batxillerat \/ Debat metaf\u00edsic modern\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/8XiZiunU1LM?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Comentari de Kant EXPLICAT | Judicis anal\u00edtics i sint\u00e8tics \/ Filosofia EBAU i 2n batxillerat\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ytXjECImqiw?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Comentari de text de KANT - EVAU 2025 - Critica de la Ra\u00f3 Pura - Filosofia 2n de batxillerat\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/do8xinFu8dg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-67ea07d4-bd98-49ad-a69b-f5f1e262685e\" href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Antologia-de-textos-Prolegomenos-a-toda-metafisica-futura-que-haya-de-poder-presentarse-como-ciencia.odt\">Antologia de textos \u2013 Proleg\u00f2mens a tota metaf\u00edsica futura que hagi de poder presentar-se com a ci\u00e8ncia<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Antologia-de-textos-Prolegomenos-a-toda-metafisica-futura-que-haya-de-poder-presentarse-como-ciencia.odt\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-67ea07d4-bd98-49ad-a69b-f5f1e262685e\">Desc\u00e0rrega<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Kant-Prolegomenos-Observacion-p.-1.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Incrustaci\u00f3 del fitxer Kant - Proleg\u00f3menos - Observaci\u00f3n p. 1.\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-01b555e6-c896-47de-8a1f-e24561505a87\" href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Kant-Prolegomenos-Observacion-p.-1.pdf\">Kant \u2013 Proleg\u00f2mens \u2013 Observaci\u00f3 p. 1<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Kant-Prolegomenos-Observacion-p.-1.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-01b555e6-c896-47de-8a1f-e24561505a87\">Desc\u00e0rrega<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Textos-Kant-EBAU-1.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Incrustaci\u00f3 del fitxer Textos Kant EBAU.\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-ece7f3c1-c77c-4fa6-bd0f-d7beca45b724\" href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Textos-Kant-EBAU-1.pdf\">Textos Kant EBAU<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Textos-Kant-EBAU-1.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-ece7f3c1-c77c-4fa6-bd0f-d7beca45b724\">Desc\u00e0rrega<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Kant-Prolegomenos-Antologia.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Incrustaci\u00f3 del fitxer Kant - Proleg\u00f3menos - Antolog\u00eda.\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-708191c9-08aa-43ac-bf2b-f3b74d83a1fe\" href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Kant-Prolegomenos-Antologia.pdf\">Kant \u2013 Proleg\u00f2mens \u2013 Antologia<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Kant-Prolegomenos-Antologia.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-708191c9-08aa-43ac-bf2b-f3b74d83a1fe\">Desc\u00e0rrega<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kant com a s\u00edntesi de l&#039;empirisme i el racionalisme<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>La filosofia d&#039;Immanuel Kant sorgeix en el context de l&#039;enfrontament entre el racionalisme i l&#039;empirisme en la modernitat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>El racionalisme, representat per Ren\u00e9 Descartes, defensava que el veritable coneixement es fonamenta en la ra\u00f3 i en principis a priori, independents de l&#039;experi\u00e8ncia. L&#039;empirisme, culminat a David Hume, afirmava que tot coneixement procedeix de l&#039;experi\u00e8ncia sensible, cosa que condu\u00efa a un escepticisme respecte a nocions com a causalitat o subst\u00e0ncia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kant accepta que tot coneixement comen\u00e7a amb l&#039;experi\u00e8ncia, per\u00f2 sost\u00e9 que no tot en procedeix. Hi ha formes i conceptes a priori (espai, temps, categories) que fan possible l&#039;experi\u00e8ncia mateixa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aix\u00ed, supera el dogmatisme racionalista -perqu\u00e8 limita el coneixement a l&#039;experi\u00e8ncia- i l&#039;escepticisme empirista -perqu\u00e8 fonamenta la validesa universal de la ci\u00e8ncia en les estructures del subjecte-.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Els judicis sint\u00e8tics a priori<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Abans d&#039;exposar la seva teoria del coneixement, Immanuel Kant introdueix una s\u00e8rie de distincions fonamentals que li permeten replantejar el problema de la ci\u00e8ncia i de la metaf\u00edsica: a priori\/a posteriori i anal\u00edtic\/sint\u00e8tic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Un coneixement \u00e9s <strong>a posteriori<\/strong> quan dep\u00e8n de lexperi\u00e8ncia. Per exemple, \u201caquesta taula \u00e9s blanca\u201d nom\u00e9s es pot saber observant. En canvi, un coneixement \u00e9s <strong>a priori<\/strong> quan \u00e9s independent de lexperi\u00e8ncia i posseeix validesa universal i necess\u00e0ria. Les proposicions matem\u00e0tiques s\u00f3n el model cl\u00e0ssic: no depenen de casos particulars.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D&#039;altra banda, un judici \u00e9s <strong>anal\u00edtic<\/strong> quan el predicat est\u00e0 contingut en el concepte del subjecte. No n&#039;amplia informaci\u00f3, sin\u00f3 que l&#039;explicita. Per exemple: \u201cel triangle t\u00e9 tres costats\u201d. Negar-ho implicaria contradicci\u00f3. En canvi, un judici \u00e9s <strong>sint\u00e8tic<\/strong> quan el predicat afegeix alguna cosa nova al concepte del subjecte. Per exemple: \u201cla taula \u00e9s blanca\u201d o \u201cel cos \u00e9s pesat\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La gran novetat de Kant \u00e9s afirmar l&#039;exist\u00e8ncia de <strong>judicis sint\u00e8tics a priori<\/strong>: judicis que amplien el nostre coneixement i, tanmateix, s\u00f3n universals i necessaris. Segons Kant, les matem\u00e0tiques i la f\u00edsica es basen en aquest tipus de judicis. El problema central de la seva filosofia i de la seva metaf\u00edsica ser\u00e0, doncs, explicar com s\u00f3n possibles els judicis sint\u00e8tics a priori, \u00e9s a dir, com \u00e9s possible una ci\u00e8ncia universal sense caure en el dogmatisme racionalista ni en l&#039;escepticisme empirista.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Fenomen i no\u00famen<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A la filosofia d&#039;Immanuel Kant, la distinci\u00f3 entre fenomen i no\u00famen \u00e9s clau per comprendre els l\u00edmits del coneixement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>El <strong>fenomen<\/strong> \u00e9s la realitat tal com apareix davant nostre. No \u00e9s una il\u00b7lusi\u00f3, sin\u00f3 l&#039;objecte tal com se&#039;ns d\u00f3na sota les condicions de la nostra sensibilitat (espai i temps) i del nostre enteniment (categories com a causalitat o subst\u00e0ncia). Tot coneixement cient\u00edfic es refereix a fen\u00f2mens.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>El <strong>no\u00famen<\/strong> o \u201ccosa en si\u201d \u00e9s la realitat considerada independentment de les nostres formes de con\u00e8ixer. No \u00e9s un objecte accessible a l&#039;experi\u00e8ncia, sin\u00f3 un concepte l\u00edmit que indica que all\u00f2 real no s&#039;esgota en la seva aparen\u00e7a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia \u00e9s clara: podem con\u00e8ixer els fen\u00f2mens, per\u00f2 no les coses en elles mateixes. Aquesta distinci\u00f3 marca el l\u00edmit de l&#039;\u00fas te\u00f2ric de la ra\u00f3 i explica per qu\u00e8 la metaf\u00edsica tradicional, que pretenia con\u00e8ixer all\u00f2 suprasensible, no es pot constituir com a ci\u00e8ncia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sensibilitat, enteniment i ra\u00f3<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A Kant, con\u00e8ixer no \u00e9s \u201crebre\u201d passivament dades, sin\u00f3 un proc\u00e9s en qu\u00e8 intervenen diverses facultats. Per aix\u00f2, la seva teoria del coneixement s&#039;explica millor distingint tres nivells: sensibilitat, enteniment i ra\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La sensibilitat \u00e9s la facultat de \u201crebre\u201d impressions. Gr\u00e0cies a ella se&#039;ns donen els objectes. Per\u00f2 no se&#039;ns donen de cap manera: tota intu\u00efci\u00f3 sensible apareix sempre en el marc de dues formes a priori, espai i temps. Dit de manera simple: tot all\u00f2 que percebem est\u00e0 situat \u201cen algun lloc\u201d i \u201cen algun moment\u201d, i aquestes coordenades no les aprenem de l&#039;experi\u00e8ncia, sin\u00f3 que s\u00f3n la condici\u00f3 perqu\u00e8 hi hagi experi\u00e8ncia. El que produeix la sensibilitat s\u00f3n intu\u00efcions: continguts immediats (colors, sons, formes, etc.) ja ordenats espacialment i temporalment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L&#039;enteniment \u00e9s la facultat de \u201cpensar\u201d all\u00f2 que la sensibilitat ens d\u00f3na. Si tingu\u00e9ssim nom\u00e9s intu\u00efcions sensibles, tindr\u00edem un flux de dades sense unitat. L&#039;entesa unifica, ordena i converteix aquestes intu\u00efcions en experi\u00e8ncia amb sentit mitjan\u00e7ant conceptes. Els seus conceptes fonamentals s\u00f3n les categories (per exemple: causalitat, subst\u00e0ncia, unitat, pluralitat, necessitat\u2026). Aquestes categories no provenen de lexperi\u00e8ncia; al contrari, s\u00f3n regles a priori que permeten que l&#039;experi\u00e8ncia sigui possible com a experi\u00e8ncia objectiva. Per aix\u00f2 Kant diu que \u201cles intu\u00efcions sense conceptes s\u00f3n cegues\u201d (no constitueixen coneixement) i que els conceptes sense intu\u00efcions s\u00f3n \u201cbuits\u201d (no s&#039;apliquen a res real).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La ra\u00f3 \u00e9s la facultat superior que cerca la m\u00e0xima unitat del coneixement. Mentre l&#039;entesa estableix lleis per als fen\u00f2mens (per exemple, a la ci\u00e8ncia natural), la ra\u00f3 vol anar m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 i trobar principis \u00faltims, all\u00f2 incondicionat. En el seu \u00fas te\u00f2ric aquesta tend\u00e8ncia genera les grans idees de la ra\u00f3 (\u00e0nima, m\u00f3n i D\u00e9u) no s\u00f3n objectes que puguem con\u00e8ixer. El problema apareix quan la ra\u00f3 pret\u00e9n demostrar te\u00f2ricament aquestes idees com si fossin coses: sorgeix aqu\u00ed la il\u00b7lusi\u00f3 metaf\u00edsica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Amb aix\u00f2 es veu l&#039;arquitectura general de con\u00e8ixer: la sensibilitat aporta el material (intu\u00efcions en espai i temps), l&#039;entesa li d\u00f3na forma conceptual (categories) i la ra\u00f3 cerca organitzar-ho tot en un sistema (idees). La pot\u00e8ncia de la ra\u00f3 rau en aquesta capacitat d&#039;unificar; el seu l\u00edmit apareix quan, en comptes d&#039;organitzar l&#039;experi\u00e8ncia, pret\u00e9n \u201csaltar\u201d m\u00e9s enll\u00e0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">El fonament segur per al coneixement segons Kant<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A partir de les distincions anteriors i de l&#039;an\u00e0lisi de les facultats, Kant reformula la pregunta cl\u00e0ssica pel fonament segur del coneixement. Ni l&#039;apel\u00b7laci\u00f3 racionalista a idees innates ni la reducci\u00f3 empirista a l&#039;experi\u00e8ncia bruta no s\u00f3n suficients. El fonament no es pot buscar ni exclusivament als objectes ni exclusivament a les dades sensibles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Per Immanuel Kant, el fonament segur del coneixement resideix a les <strong>condicions de possibilitat de l&#039;experi\u00e8ncia<\/strong>. \u00c9s a dir, a les estructures a priori del subjecte que fan possible que hi hagi objectes per a nosaltres. Espai i temps (formes de la sensibilitat) i les categories de l&#039;entesa (com a causalitat o subst\u00e0ncia) no s\u00f3n continguts extrets de l&#039;experi\u00e8ncia, sin\u00f3 principis que la fan possible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aix\u00f2 vol dir que l&#039;objectivitat cient\u00edfica no dep\u00e8n d&#039;accedir a la \u201ccosa en si\u201d, sin\u00f3 de la validesa universal d&#039;aquestes estructures comunes a qualsevol subjecte racional. La ci\u00e8ncia \u00e9s segura no perqu\u00e8 assoleixi la realitat en si mateixa, sin\u00f3 perqu\u00e8 tot fenomen s&#039;ha de sotmetre necess\u00e0riament a les mateixes condicions formals de con\u00e8ixer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>El gir \u00e9s decisiu: el fonament del coneixement no \u00e9s en un m\u00f3n suprasensible ni en una intu\u00efci\u00f3 intel\u00b7lectual, sin\u00f3 en l&#039;activitat transcendental del subjecte. En delimitar el coneixement als fen\u00f2mens i mostrar les seves condicions a priori, Kant creu haver proporcionat a la ci\u00e8ncia un s\u00f2l ferm, alhora que ha marcat amb claredat el l\u00edmit de tota pretensi\u00f3 metaf\u00edsica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">La metaf\u00edsica com saber a priori sint\u00e8tic sobre les condicions de possibilitat del coneixement<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A la tradici\u00f3 anterior, la metaf\u00edsica havia estat entesa com el saber suprem sobre D\u00e9u, l&#039;\u00e0nima o el m\u00f3n com a totalitat. Tot i aix\u00f2, despr\u00e9s de l&#039;an\u00e0lisi cr\u00edtica d&#039;Immanuel Kant, aquesta pretensi\u00f3 resulta insostenible: no podem con\u00e8ixer te\u00f2ricament el que est\u00e0 m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 de l&#039;experi\u00e8ncia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aix\u00f2 no vol dir que la metaf\u00edsica hagi de desapar\u00e8ixer, sin\u00f3 que s&#039;ha de transformar. Per a Kant, la metaf\u00edsica leg\u00edtima no \u00e9s un coneixement d&#039;objectes suprasensibles, sin\u00f3 un saber <strong>a priori i sint\u00e8tic<\/strong> sobre les condicions que fan possible lexperi\u00e8ncia i, per tant, el coneixement cient\u00edfic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c9s a priori perqu\u00e8 no es basa en dades emp\u00edriques, sin\u00f3 en l&#039;an\u00e0lisi de les estructures del subjecte (espai, temps, categories). \u00c9s sint\u00e8tic perqu\u00e8 no es limita a analitzar conceptes, sin\u00f3 que amplia el nostre coneixement en determinar com han de ser els objectes com a fen\u00f2mens per poder ser coneguts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aix\u00ed entesa, la metaf\u00edsica esdev\u00e9 filosofia transcendental: una investigaci\u00f3 cr\u00edtica sobre les condicions de possibilitat del coneixement. No pret\u00e9n descriure la realitat en si mateixa, sin\u00f3 aclarir els l\u00edmits i l&#039;abast de la ra\u00f3. La seva tasca no \u00e9s construir sistemes dogm\u00e0tics sin\u00f3 fonamentar i delimitar el saber hum\u00e0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Entrades sobre Kant<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Aqu\u00ed et deixem les entrades sobre el pensament kanti\u00e0, perqu\u00e8 puguis aprofundir:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class='pt-cv-wrapper'> <div class=\"pt-cv-view pt-cv-overlaygrid iscvblock iscvreal overlay1 layout1\" id=\"pt-cv-view-cib7sgj3\"><div data-id=\"pt-cv-page-1\" class=\"pt-cv-page\" data-cvc=\"3\"><div class=\"pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class=\"pt-cv-thumb-wrapper\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/comentario-de-texto-de-la-critica-de-la-razon-pura-de-kant\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1231\" src=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/71THx1AITaL-768x1231.jpg\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"Kant comentario texto Cr\u00edtica de la raz\u00f3n pura\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-overlay-wrapper\"><div class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/comentario-de-texto-de-la-critica-de-la-razon-pura-de-kant\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Comentari de text de la Cr\u00edtica de la Ra\u00f3 Pura de Kant \u2013 EBAU<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class=\"pt-cv-thumb-wrapper\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/potencia-y-limites-de-la-razon-en-la-filosofia-de-kant\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"539\" src=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Immanuel_Kant_portrait_c1790-e1745833789575-768x539.jpg\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"Comentario de texto resuelto Kant\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-overlay-wrapper\"><div class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/potencia-y-limites-de-la-razon-en-la-filosofia-de-kant\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Pot\u00e8ncia i l\u00edmits de la ra\u00f3 a la filosofia de Kant<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class=\"pt-cv-thumb-wrapper\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/comentario-de-texto-kant\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"539\" src=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Immanuel_Kant_portrait_c1790-e1745833789575-768x539.jpg\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"Comentario de texto resuelto Kant\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-overlay-wrapper\"><div class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/comentario-de-texto-kant\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Comentari de text filos\u00f2fic de Kant: \u00abCr\u00edtica de la ra\u00f3 pura\u00bb<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class=\"pt-cv-thumb-wrapper\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/comentario-de-texto-resuelto-de-kant\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"539\" src=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Immanuel_Kant_portrait_c1790-e1745833789575-768x539.jpg\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"Comentario de texto resuelto Kant\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-overlay-wrapper\"><div class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/comentario-de-texto-resuelto-de-kant\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Comentari de text resolt de Kant \u2013 Fonamentaci\u00f3 de la metaf\u00edsica dels costums<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class=\"pt-cv-thumb-wrapper\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/kant-y-la-prueba-ontologica\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"539\" src=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Immanuel_Kant_portrait_c1790-e1745833789575-768x539.jpg\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"Comentario de texto resuelto Kant\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-overlay-wrapper\"><div class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/kant-y-la-prueba-ontologica\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Immanuel Kant i la seva refutaci\u00f3 de la prova ontol\u00f2gica<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class=\"pt-cv-thumb-wrapper\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/el-reino-de-los-fines-en-kant-definicion-significado-y-ejemplos\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"943\" src=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/standard_compressed_1790_Dresden-Clasen_-768x943.jpeg\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-overlay-wrapper\"><div class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/el-reino-de-los-fines-en-kant-definicion-significado-y-ejemplos\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >El regne de les finalitats a Kant: definici\u00f3, significat i exemples<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div> <\/div> <style>\n#pt-cv-view-cib7sgj3 .pt-cv-thumb-wrapper::before {background: rgba(0,0,0,.4); opacity: 0.8;}#pt-cv-view-cib7sgj3 .pt-cv-overlay-wrapper {justify-content: center;}\n#pt-cv-view-cib7sgj3 .pt-cv-meta-fields {  }#pt-cv-view-cib7sgj3 .pt-cv-meta-fields * { font-size: 13px; }#pt-cv-view-cib7sgj3 .pt-cv-title a { display: block; }#pt-cv-view-cib7sgj3 .pt-cv-title:not(.pt-cv-titlesm) a { font-weight: 600;text-decoration: none;font-size: 20px; }#pt-cv-view-cib7sgj3 .pt-cv-titlesm a { font-weight: 600;font-size: 18px; }#pt-cv-view-cib7sgj3 .pt-cv-content { font-size: 15px; }#pt-cv-view-cib7sgj3 .pt-cv-rmwrap {  }#pt-cv-view-cib7sgj3 .pt-cv-readmore { color: #fff;background-color: #0075ff;font-size: 14px; }#pt-cv-view-cib7sgj3 .pt-cv-taxoterm { margin: 0px 0px 20px 0px; }#pt-cv-view-cib7sgj3 .pt-cv-taxoterm * { color: #222;background-color: #fff6f6;font-size: 14px; }#pt-cv-view-cib7sgj3 + .pt-cv-pagination-wrapper {  }#pt-cv-view-cib7sgj3 + .pt-cv-pagination-wrapper a { font-size: 14px; }#pt-cv-view-cib7sgj3 > .pt-cv-page {grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);grid-auto-rows: 250px;grid-gap: 10px;}\n@media all and (max-width: 1024px) { \n#pt-cv-view-cib7sgj3 > .pt-cv-page {}\n} \n@media all and (max-width: 767px) { \n#pt-cv-view-cib7sgj3 > .pt-cv-page {grid-template-columns: repeat(1, 1fr);}\n} <\/style>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Consells per a l&#039;examen<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Contextualitza adequadament.<\/strong> Relaciona les idees de Descartes i Leibniz amb el context de la modernitat i els intents de superar l&#039;escepticisme medieval. Per exemple, esmenta com Descartes va buscar un fonament segur davant dels dubtes esc\u00e8ptics.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cita les obres principals.<\/strong> Fes servir refer\u00e8ncies com les <em>Meditacions metaf\u00edsiques<\/em> de Descartes i la <em>Cr\u00edtica de la ra\u00f3 pura<\/em> de Kant per recolzar les teves respostes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Compara perspectives.<\/strong> Destaca les difer\u00e8ncies entre la metaf\u00edsica racionalista i la cr\u00edtica kantiana. Per exemple, explica com Kant limita l&#039;abast del coneixement davant l&#039;optimisme de Leibniz.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Relaciona amb l?actualitat.<\/strong> Reflexiona sobre la rellev\u00e0ncia de la cr\u00edtica kantiana en debats contemporanis, com ara els l\u00edmits del coneixement cient\u00edfic o el paper de la ra\u00f3 en l&#039;\u00e8tica.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Recordeu els criteris de l&#039;examen.<\/strong> Assegureu-vos de respondre totes les preguntes contextualitzant hist\u00f2ricament i filos\u00f2ficament, i cuidant l&#039;expressi\u00f3 escrita.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusi\u00f3<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>El debat metaf\u00edsic modern representa un dels moments m\u00e9s significatius de la filosofia occidental. Des dels intents de Descartes i Leibniz per fonamentar la metaf\u00edsica com un saber racional fins a la revoluci\u00f3 cr\u00edtica de Kant, aquestes discussions han influ\u00eft en com entenem els l\u00edmits i les possibilitats del coneixement hum\u00e0. Comprendre aquest debat no nom\u00e9s \u00e9s essencial per als ex\u00e0mens d&#039;hist\u00f2ria de la filosofia, sin\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 per reflexionar sobre la validesa del coneixement actualment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Preguntes freq\u00fcents:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"schema-faq wp-block-yoast-faq-block\"><div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1737744622929\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\">Quina difer\u00e8ncia hi ha entre la metaf\u00edsica de Descartes i la cr\u00edtica kantiana?<\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">La metaf\u00edsica de Descartes cerca un fonament absolut per al coneixement a trav\u00e9s de principis innats i la ra\u00f3 pura, mentre que la cr\u00edtica kantiana limita el coneixement als fen\u00f2mens i examina els l\u00edmits de la ra\u00f3.<\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1737744634221\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\">Per qu\u00e8 Leibniz defensa l&#039;exist\u00e8ncia de monades?<\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">Leibniz argumenta que les m\u00f2nades s\u00f3n les unitats indivisibles i fonamentals de la realitat, cadascuna reflectint l&#039;univers des de la seva pr\u00f2pia perspectiva en harmonia preestablerta per D\u00e9u.<\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1737744649403\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\">Quina \u00e9s la principal aportaci\u00f3 de Kant al debat metaf\u00edsic modern?<\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">Kant va redefinir la metaf\u00edsica en analitzar les condicions de possibilitat del coneixement hum\u00e0, establint que aquest sorgeix de la interacci\u00f3 entre la sensibilitat i l&#039;enteniment.<\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1737744656113\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\">Com va influir la <em>Cr\u00edtica de la ra\u00f3 pura<\/em> a la filosofia posterior?<\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">L&#039;obra de Kant va marcar l&#039;inici de la filosofia moderna en asseure les bases de l&#039;epistemologia i q\u00fcestionar les pretensions del coneixement absolut, influint en moviments com l&#039;idealisme alemany.<\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1737744668802\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\">Per qu\u00e8 Kant considera que no podem con\u00e8ixer la \u00abcosa en si\u00bb?<\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">Perqu\u00e8 segons Kant, el coneixement hum\u00e0 est\u00e0 limitat als fen\u00f2mens, \u00e9s a dir, com les coses apareixen a la nostra experi\u00e8ncia, per\u00f2 no a la seva ess\u00e8ncia transcendental o \u00abcosa en si\u00bb.<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Continua estudiant sobre la filosofia moderna:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class='pt-cv-wrapper'> <div class=\"pt-cv-view pt-cv-overlaygrid iscvblock iscvreal overlay1 layout1\" id=\"pt-cv-view-1zyh4305\"><div data-id=\"pt-cv-page-1\" class=\"pt-cv-page\" data-cvc=\"3\"><div class=\"pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class=\"pt-cv-thumb-wrapper\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/potencia-y-limites-de-la-razon-en-la-filosofia-de-kant\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"539\" src=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Immanuel_Kant_portrait_c1790-e1745833789575-768x539.jpg\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"Comentario de texto resuelto Kant\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-overlay-wrapper\"><div class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/potencia-y-limites-de-la-razon-en-la-filosofia-de-kant\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Pot\u00e8ncia i l\u00edmits de la ra\u00f3 a la filosofia de Kant<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class=\"pt-cv-thumb-wrapper\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/la-ilustracion-kantiana\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/plugins\/content-views-query-and-display-post-page\/public\/assets\/images\/default_image.png\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail cv-default-img\" alt=\"La Ilustraci\u00f3n kantiana\" title=\"\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-overlay-wrapper\"><div class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/la-ilustracion-kantiana\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >La Il\u00b7lustraci\u00f3 kantiana<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class=\"pt-cv-thumb-wrapper\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/la-etica-kantiana\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/plugins\/content-views-query-and-display-post-page\/public\/assets\/images\/default_image.png\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail cv-default-img\" alt=\"La \u00e9tica kantiana\" title=\"\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-overlay-wrapper\"><div class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/la-etica-kantiana\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >L&#039;\u00e8tica kantiana<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class=\"pt-cv-thumb-wrapper\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/kant-y-la-metafisica-kant-para-2o-de-bachillerato\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"539\" src=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Immanuel_Kant_portrait_c1790-e1745833789575-768x539.jpg\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"Comentario de texto resuelto Kant\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-overlay-wrapper\"><div class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/kant-y-la-metafisica-kant-para-2o-de-bachillerato\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Kant i la metaf\u00edsica. Kant per a 2n de batxillerat<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class=\"pt-cv-thumb-wrapper\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/el-proyecto-ilustrado\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/7245167468_11b6b9be14_b-e1739870799631-768x315.jpg\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"El proyecto ilustrado\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-overlay-wrapper\"><div class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/el-proyecto-ilustrado\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >El Projecte Il\u00b7lustrat<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class=\"pt-cv-thumb-wrapper\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/la-cuestion-del-origen-y-del-fundamento-de-la-sociedad-y-el-poder\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"332\" src=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/c02f016-18-de-julio-manifestacion-politica-01a162-1024-e1737743593869-768x332.jpg\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"La cuesti\u00f3n del origen y del fundamento de la sociedad y del poder: el contractualismo\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-overlay-wrapper\"><div class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/la-cuestion-del-origen-y-del-fundamento-de-la-sociedad-y-el-poder\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >La q\u00fcesti\u00f3 de l&#039;origen i el fonament de la societat i el poder: el contractualisme<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div> <\/div> <style>\n#pt-cv-view-1zyh4305 .pt-cv-thumb-wrapper::before {background: rgba(0,0,0,.4); opacity: 0.8;}#pt-cv-view-1zyh4305 .pt-cv-overlay-wrapper {justify-content: center;}\n#pt-cv-view-1zyh4305 .pt-cv-meta-fields {  }#pt-cv-view-1zyh4305 .pt-cv-meta-fields * { font-size: 13px; }#pt-cv-view-1zyh4305 .pt-cv-title a { display: block; }#pt-cv-view-1zyh4305 .pt-cv-title:not(.pt-cv-titlesm) a { font-weight: 600;text-decoration: none;font-size: 20px; }#pt-cv-view-1zyh4305 .pt-cv-titlesm a { font-weight: 600;font-size: 18px; }#pt-cv-view-1zyh4305 .pt-cv-content { font-size: 15px; }#pt-cv-view-1zyh4305 .pt-cv-rmwrap {  }#pt-cv-view-1zyh4305 .pt-cv-readmore { color: #fff;background-color: #0075ff;font-size: 14px; }#pt-cv-view-1zyh4305 .pt-cv-taxoterm { margin: 0px 0px 20px 0px; }#pt-cv-view-1zyh4305 .pt-cv-taxoterm * { color: #222;background-color: #fff6f6;font-size: 14px; }#pt-cv-view-1zyh4305 + .pt-cv-pagination-wrapper {  }#pt-cv-view-1zyh4305 + .pt-cv-pagination-wrapper a { font-size: 14px; }#pt-cv-view-1zyh4305 > .pt-cv-page {grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);grid-auto-rows: 250px;grid-gap: 10px;}\n@media all and (max-width: 1024px) { \n#pt-cv-view-1zyh4305 > .pt-cv-page {}\n} \n@media all and (max-width: 767px) { \n#pt-cv-view-1zyh4305 > .pt-cv-page {grid-template-columns: repeat(1, 1fr);}\n} <\/style>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introducci\u00f3n La filosof\u00eda moderna que estudiamos en 2\u00ba de bachillerato se encuentra fuertemente centrada en el debate metaf\u00edsico. Este debate metaf\u00edsico moderno gira en torno a la cuesti\u00f3n fundamental de qu\u00e9 tipo de saber puede ser la metaf\u00edsica y si esta tiene un lugar leg\u00edtimo dentro del conocimiento humano. Esta discusi\u00f3n se desarroll\u00f3 principalmente durante [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1607,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"iawp_total_views":994,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[409],"tags":[283,106,273,150],"class_list":["post-1168","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-filosofia-moderna","tag-critica-de-la-razon-pura","tag-filosofia-moderna","tag-kant","tag-metafisica"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>El debate metaf\u00edsico moderno y la necesidad de un fundamento 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la metaf\u00edsica de Descartes i la cr\u00edtica kantiana?","answerCount":1,"acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"La metaf\u00edsica de Descartes busca un fundamento absoluto para el conocimiento a trav\u00e9s de principios innatos y la raz\u00f3n pura, mientras que la cr\u00edtica kantiana limita el conocimiento a los fen\u00f3menos y examina los l\u00edmites de la raz\u00f3n.","inLanguage":"ca"},"inLanguage":"ca"},{"@type":"Question","@id":"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/el-debate-metafisico-moderno\/#faq-question-1737744634221","position":2,"url":"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/el-debate-metafisico-moderno\/#faq-question-1737744634221","name":"Per qu\u00e8 Leibniz defensa l&#039;exist\u00e8ncia de monades?","answerCount":1,"acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Leibniz argumenta que las m\u00f3nadas son las unidades indivisibles y fundamentales de la realidad, cada una reflejando el universo desde su propia perspectiva en armon\u00eda preestablecida por 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Se trata, concretamente, de un fragmento clave de la Fundamentaci\u00f3n de la metaf\u00edsica de las costumbres de Immanuel Kant. 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