{"id":2063,"date":"2025-04-25T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-04-25T09:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/?p=2063"},"modified":"2025-04-23T14:43:20","modified_gmt":"2025-04-23T14:43:20","slug":"hume-agnosticismo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/hume-agnosticismo\/","title":{"rendered":"Hum davant la q\u00fcesti\u00f3 de D\u00e9u: agnosticisme i cr\u00edtica filos\u00f2fica"},"content":{"rendered":"
Portada<\/a><\/span> \u00bb 21. Ontologisme, ateisme i agnosticisme<\/a><\/span> \u00bb Agnosticisme<\/a><\/span> \u00bb Hum davant la q\u00fcesti\u00f3 de D\u00e9u: agnosticisme i cr\u00edtica filos\u00f2fica<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n\n

Introducci\u00f3<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

David Hume \u00e9s, sens dubte, un dels pensadors m\u00e9s influents de la filosofia moderna. El seu enfocament emp\u00edric i esc\u00e8ptic va marcar un abans i un despr\u00e9s en la manera com la filosofia occidental s'enfronta a q\u00fcestions fonamentals, entre elles, l'exist\u00e8ncia de D\u00e9u. En aquest article analitzarem amb rigor la postura de Hume davant de la q\u00fcesti\u00f3 de D\u00e9u, abordant tant el seu agnosticisme com la seva cr\u00edtica als arguments cl\u00e0ssics de la teologia natural. Comprendre el seu pensament permet no nom\u00e9s situar-lo en el context de la Il\u00b7lustraci\u00f3, sin\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 valorar-ne la influ\u00e8ncia en debats contemporanis sobre religi\u00f3 i ra\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

El marc filos\u00f2fic de Hume: empirisme i escepticisme<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Per entendre la posici\u00f3 de Hume davant de la q\u00fcesti\u00f3 de D\u00e9u, cal partir del seu marc filos\u00f2fic general. Hume va ser un empirista radical: sostenia que qualsevol coneixement deriva de l'experi\u00e8ncia sensible. Com ell mateix afirmava a la seva Tractat de la naturalesa humana<\/em> (1739), \u00abtota idea complexa prov\u00e9 d'impressions simples\u00bb. D'aquesta manera, qualsevol afirmaci\u00f3 que pretengui dir alguna cosa veritable sobre el m\u00f3n ha de poder remetre's a impressions sensibles. Si no es pot fer, aquesta afirmaci\u00f3 \u00e9s, en les seves paraules, \u00absofisma o il\u00b7lusi\u00f3\u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aquest empirisme el condueix a un escepticisme met\u00f2dic. Hum dubta de la possibilitat de demostrar veritats metaf\u00edsiques absolutes. En aquest sentit, la cr\u00edtica a la religi\u00f3 s'insereix en un projecte m\u00e9s ampli: limitar les pretensions del coneixement hum\u00e0. Com veurem, aquesta limitaci\u00f3 \u00e9s clau per entendre la seva cr\u00edtica als arguments teistes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hum i la cr\u00edtica als arguments tradicionals de l'exist\u00e8ncia de D\u00e9u<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Un dels aspectes m\u00e9s importants del pensament de Hume \u00e9s l'an\u00e0lisi dels arguments cl\u00e0ssics que pretenen demostrar racionalment l'exist\u00e8ncia de D\u00e9u. Aquests arguments \u2013el cosmol\u00f2gic, l'ontol\u00f2gic i el teleol\u00f2gic\u2013 van ser blanc de les seves cr\u00edtiques.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cr\u00edtica a l'argument cosmol\u00f2gic<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L'argument cosmol\u00f2gic sost\u00e9 que tot efecte en t\u00e9 una causa, i que si seguim aquesta cadena causal arribem a una causa primera: D\u00e9u. Hume objecta aquesta l\u00f2gica en els seus Di\u00e0legs sobre la religi\u00f3 natural<\/em> (1779). All\u00ed, mitjan\u00e7ant el personatge de Philo, sost\u00e9 que la infer\u00e8ncia d'una causa primera \u00e9s il\u00b7leg\u00edtima. En primer lloc, perqu\u00e8 el principi de causalitat no es pot aplicar m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 de l'experi\u00e8ncia; en segon lloc, perqu\u00e8 el pas del que \u00e9s finit al que \u00e9s infinit (de causes naturals a una causa divina) no est\u00e0 justificat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rebuig de l'argument ontol\u00f2gic<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Tot i que Hume no dedica gaires p\u00e0gines a l'argument ontol\u00f2gic, el seu empirisme el fa incompatible amb aquesta forma de raonament. L'argument ontol\u00f2gic parteix d'una definici\u00f3 de D\u00e9u com a \u00e9sser perfecte l'exist\u00e8ncia del qual \u00e9s necess\u00e0ria. Per\u00f2 per a Hume, l'exist\u00e8ncia mai no es pot deduir de la mera an\u00e0lisi l\u00f2gica. Com afirma al Tractat<\/em>, \u00abres que puguem concebre com a existent pot concebre's com a no existent\u00bb. Per tant, no hi ha contradicci\u00f3 a negar l'exist\u00e8ncia de D\u00e9u, cosa que soscava l'argument ontol\u00f2gic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cr\u00edtica a l'argument del disseny<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Potser la cr\u00edtica m\u00e9s c\u00e8lebre de Hume \u00e9s la que fa contra l'argument teleol\u00f2gic o del disseny, que sost\u00e9 que l'ordre del m\u00f3n prova l'exist\u00e8ncia d'un dissenyador. Als Di\u00e0legs<\/em>, Philo desmunta aquesta idea en mostrar que l'analogia entre el m\u00f3n i una m\u00e0quina \u00e9s arbitr\u00e0ria. A m\u00e9s, fins i tot si accept\u00e9ssim l'analogia, no portaria necess\u00e0riament un D\u00e9u perfecte, sin\u00f3 potser m\u00faltiples d\u00e9us, o un d\u00e9u imperfecte. La idea d'un dissenyador suprem queda desestabilitzada.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'agnosticisme filos\u00f2fic de Hume<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Sovint es diu que Hume \u00e9s un \u00abagn\u00f2stic\u00bb abans del terme. No nega categ\u00f2ricament l'exist\u00e8ncia de D\u00e9u, per\u00f2 afirma que aquesta \u00e9s m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 de les possibilitats del coneixement hum\u00e0. Aquesta postura s'emmarca en el seu escepticisme: no tenim impressions sensibles de D\u00e9u; per tant, no podem parlar amb sentit de la seva exist\u00e8ncia. "Un argument no \u00e9s menys que una religi\u00f3 quan va m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 de l'experi\u00e8ncia".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En aquest sentit, el seu agnosticisme \u00e9s un corol\u00b7lari de la seva epistemologia. No \u00e9s un rebuig emocional o visceral, sin\u00f3 una conclusi\u00f3 racional basada en els l\u00edmits del coneixement. Hume no proposa un ateisme militant, sin\u00f3 un rebuig a la teologia racional com a ci\u00e8ncia leg\u00edtima.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Impacte i recepci\u00f3 del pensament de Hume<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

La influ\u00e8ncia de Hume a la filosofia posterior \u00e9s immensa. Kant va declarar que va ser Hume qui el va \u00abdespertar del seu somni dogm\u00e0tic\u00bb. Al segle XIX, el seu escepticisme va ser repr\u00e8s per pensadors com John Stuart Mill, mentre que al XX va influir en el positivisme l\u00f2gic, que va adoptar el seu principi de verificabilitat emp\u00edrica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A nivell contemporani, molts debats sobre la racionalitat de la fe, l'estatus epist\u00e8mic de les creences religioses i la cr\u00edtica als \u00abnous ateus\u00bb (com Dawkins o Harris) reprenen arguments ja presents a Hume. El seu llegat roman com una fita a la discussi\u00f3 sobre la religi\u00f3.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Introducci\u00f3n David Hume es, sin duda, uno de los pensadores m\u00e1s influyentes de la filosof\u00eda moderna. Su enfoque emp\u00edrico y esc\u00e9ptico marc\u00f3 un antes y un despu\u00e9s en la forma en que la filosof\u00eda occidental se enfrenta a cuestiones fundamentales, entre ellas, la existencia de Dios. En este art\u00edculo analizaremos con rigor la postura de […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1715,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"iawp_total_views":29,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[444],"tags":[295,291],"class_list":["post-2063","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-agnosticismo","tag-agnosticismo","tag-hume"],"yoast_head":"\nHume ante la cuesti\u00f3n de Dios: agnosticismo y cr\u00edtica filos\u00f3fica - La Palabra Razonada<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"An\u00e1lisis riguroso del pensamiento de David Hume sobre la existencia de Dios, su agnosticismo y su cr\u00edtica a los argumentos tradicionales.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/hume-agnosticismo\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ca_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Hume ante la cuesti\u00f3n de Dios: agnosticismo y cr\u00edtica filos\u00f3fica - 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El seu enfocament sobre les ci\u00e8ncies morals va suposar un gir radical a la comprensi\u00f3 de l'\u00e8tica i la naturalesa humana. 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