{"id":2107,"date":"2025-05-07T15:52:21","date_gmt":"2025-05-07T15:52:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/?p=2107"},"modified":"2025-05-07T15:54:32","modified_gmt":"2025-05-07T15:54:32","slug":"la-sustancia-en-descartes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/la-sustancia-en-descartes\/","title":{"rendered":"La subst\u00e0ncia a Descartes"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"yoast-breadcrumbs\"><span><span><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/\">Portada<\/a><\/span> \u00bb <span><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/category\/temario-oposiciones\/\">Temari oposicions<\/a><\/span> \u00bb <span><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/category\/temario-oposiciones\/18-los-distintos-planteamientos-en-torno-al-concepto-de-sustancia-valoracion-critica-del-concepto-de-causalidad\/\">18. Els diferents plantejaments al voltant del concepte de subst\u00e0ncia. Valoraci\u00f3 cr\u00edtica del concepte de causalitat<\/a><\/span> \u00bb <span class=\"breadcrumb_last\" aria-current=\"page\">La subst\u00e0ncia a Descartes<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Introducci\u00f3<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Qu\u00e8 \u00e9s el que veritablement existeix? Aquesta pregunta recorre tota la hist\u00f2ria de la filosofia i cobra una forma particularment rigorosa al pensament de Ren\u00e9 Descartes, figura central del racionalisme modern. Al cor de la seva metaf\u00edsica trobem el concepte de <em>subst\u00e0ncia<\/em>, una noci\u00f3 heretada de la tradici\u00f3 escol\u00e0stica, per\u00f2 radicalment transformada per Descartes. Entendre qu\u00e8 significa \u00absubst\u00e0ncia\u00bb en el pensament cartesi\u00e0 no \u00e9s nom\u00e9s crucial per interpretar correctament el seu sistema filos\u00f2fic, sin\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 per valorar l&#039;impacte que va tenir en el desenvolupament de la filosofia moderna i en el gir cap al subjecte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Si t&#039;interessa que t&#039;expliqui en format v\u00eddeo el concepte de subst\u00e0ncia al pensament de Descartes, et recomano aquest v\u00eddeo: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"La subst\u00e0ncia a la filosofia de Descartes #atxillerat #selectivitat\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Lp2yda5cpAA?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Aquest article explora amb profunditat el concepte de subst\u00e0ncia a Descartes, abordant-ne la definici\u00f3, els tipus, les implicacions ontol\u00f2giques i el vincle amb D\u00e9u, l&#039;\u00e0nima i el cos. Tamb\u00e9 examinarem com es relaciona aquesta noci\u00f3 amb el dualisme cartesi\u00e0 i amb el projecte de fonamentaci\u00f3 del coneixement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">La redefinici\u00f3 cartesiana de subst\u00e0ncia<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Influ\u00e8ncies escol\u00e0stiques i ruptura filos\u00f2fica<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Descartes hereta el terme <em>subst\u00e0ncia<\/em> de l&#039;escol\u00e0stica, particularment d&#039;Arist\u00f2til i Tom\u00e0s d&#039;Aquino, els qui concebien la subst\u00e0ncia com all\u00f2 que hi ha en si mateix i no en un altre. Tot i aix\u00f2, el fil\u00f2sof franc\u00e8s sotmet aquesta noci\u00f3 a un gir radical. Per a Descartes, \u00abuna subst\u00e0ncia \u00e9s una cosa que existeix de manera que no necessita cap altra per existir\u00bb (\u00abPrincipis de la filosofia\u00bb, I, 51). Aquesta definici\u00f3, aparentment similar a l&#039;escol\u00e0stica, t\u00e9 un mat\u00eds decisiu: nom\u00e9s D\u00e9u, en ple sentit, compleix aquest criteri d&#039;independ\u00e8ncia absoluta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Subst\u00e0ncia infinita i subst\u00e0ncies finites<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Descartes distingeix entre dos grans tipus de subst\u00e0ncia:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>La subst\u00e0ncia infinita<\/strong>, que \u00e9s D\u00e9u. D\u00e9u \u00e9s l&#039;\u00fanic \u00e9sser veritablement autosuficient, l&#039;ess\u00e8ncia del qual implica la seva exist\u00e8ncia.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Les subst\u00e0ncies finites<\/strong>, que s\u00f3n l&#039;\u00e0nima (<em>res cogitans<\/em>) i el cos (<em>res extensa<\/em>). Aquestes subst\u00e0ncies depenen de D\u00e9u per existir, per\u00f2 s\u00f3n concebudes com a coses que existeixen en si mateixes, \u00e9s a dir, no necessiten cap altra criatura per existir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Aix\u00ed, encara que Descartes mant\u00e9 la idea que la subst\u00e0ncia \u00e9s el que existeix per si mateix, restringeix la seva aplicaci\u00f3 plena a D\u00e9u. Als \u00e9ssers creats, la subst\u00e0ncia \u00e9s relativa, ja que la seva exist\u00e8ncia dep\u00e8n de la voluntat divina.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">El dualisme cartesi\u00e0: pensament i extensi\u00f3<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Res cogitans i res extensa<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Un dels punts m\u00e9s c\u00e8lebres i discutits de la filosofia de Descartes \u00e9s el seu dualisme ontol\u00f2gic, \u00e9s a dir, l&#039;afirmaci\u00f3 que hi ha dos tipus de subst\u00e0ncies creades:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>La subst\u00e0ncia pensant (res cogitans)<\/strong>: \u00e9s l&#039;\u00e0nima, l&#039;ess\u00e8ncia de la qual \u00e9s pensar. No t\u00e9 extensi\u00f3 ni est\u00e0 subjecte a les lleis de la f\u00edsica.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>La subst\u00e0ncia extensa (res extensa)<\/strong>: \u00e9s el cos, l&#039;ess\u00e8ncia del qual \u00e9s ocupar un espai. No pensa i est\u00e0 subjecta als principis de la geometria i el moviment.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Aquestes dues subst\u00e0ncies s\u00f3n irreductibles entre si, cosa que d\u00f3na lloc a la coneguda dificultat del problema ment-cos, que ser\u00e0 abordat per altres fil\u00f2sofs com Malebranche, Spinoza i Leibniz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">El jo com a subst\u00e0ncia pensant<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A la <em>Segona Meditaci\u00f3<\/em>, Descartes arriba a la famosa afirmaci\u00f3 <em>cogito, ergo sum<\/em>. Aquesta certesa permet identificar el jo com una subst\u00e0ncia pensant. L&#039;\u00e0nima \u00e9s, per tant, una subst\u00e0ncia la naturalesa de la qual \u00e9s pensar, i aquesta identitat no dep\u00e8n del cos. De fet, com que el pensament \u00e9s independent del que \u00e9s material, es refor\u00e7a la idea d&#039;una distinci\u00f3 real entre \u00e0nima i cos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Subst\u00e0ncia i atributs<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">La relaci\u00f3 entre subst\u00e0ncia i atribut<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Per a Descartes, tota subst\u00e0ncia posseeix un atribut principal, que expressa la seva ess\u00e8ncia. Aix\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>L&#039;atribut de l&#039;\u00e0nima \u00e9s el pensament.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>L&#039;atribut del cos n&#039;\u00e9s l&#039;extensi\u00f3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Les maneres o afeccions (per exemple, imaginar, dubtar, moure&#039;s, tenir forma) s\u00f3n maneres espec\u00edfiques en qu\u00e8 es manifesta l&#039;atribut principal. Aquesta estructura subst\u00e0ncia-atribut-mode ser\u00e0 fonamental per al racionalisme posterior, especialment a Spinoza.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">D\u00e9u com a subst\u00e0ncia suprema<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A Descartes, D\u00e9u no nom\u00e9s \u00e9s la subst\u00e0ncia infinita, sin\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 el garant de la veritat. La seva perfecci\u00f3 implica que no ens pot enganyar, i per aix\u00f2 compleix un paper central en la legitimaci\u00f3 del coneixement. El principi de claredat i distinci\u00f3 se sost\u00e9 en la veracitat divina. Aquesta dimensi\u00f3 epistemol\u00f2gica del concepte de subst\u00e0ncia connecta directament amb la fonamentaci\u00f3 del coneixement que cerca Descartes en els seus <em>Meditacions Metaf\u00edsiques<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusi\u00f3<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>La noci\u00f3 de subst\u00e0ncia a Descartes \u00e9s l&#039;eix del sistema metaf\u00edsic. En redefinir la subst\u00e0ncia des d&#039;una perspectiva teol\u00f2gica i racionalista, Descartes no nom\u00e9s trenca amb l&#039;escol\u00e0stica, sin\u00f3 que inaugura una nova manera de fer filosofia centrada en la subjectivitat, la claredat racional i la fonamentaci\u00f3 del coneixement. Comprendre aquest concepte \u00e9s imprescindible per a tothom que es vulgui endinsar en la hist\u00f2ria de la filosofia moderna.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introducci\u00f3n \u00bfQu\u00e9 es lo que verdaderamente existe? Esta pregunta recorre toda la historia de la filosof\u00eda y cobra una forma particularmente rigurosa en el pensamiento de Ren\u00e9 Descartes, figura central del racionalismo moderno. En el coraz\u00f3n de su metaf\u00edsica encontramos el concepto de sustancia, una noci\u00f3n heredada de la tradici\u00f3n escol\u00e1stica, pero radicalmente transformada por [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"iawp_total_views":46,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[448],"tags":[73],"class_list":["post-2107","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-18-los-distintos-planteamientos-en-torno-al-concepto-de-sustancia-valoracion-critica-del-concepto-de-causalidad","tag-descartes"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>La sustancia en Descartes - La Palabra Razonada<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Prep\u00e1rate el tema 18 de las oposiciones, que trata sobre los conceptos de sustancia y causalidad, entendiendo la sustancia en Descartes.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/la-sustancia-en-descartes\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ca_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"La sustancia en Descartes - La Palabra Razonada\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Prep\u00e1rate el tema 18 de las oposiciones, que trata sobre los conceptos de sustancia y causalidad, entendiendo la sustancia en Descartes.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/la-sustancia-en-descartes\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"La Palabra Razonada\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-05-07T15:52:21+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-05-07T15:54:32+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/channels4_profile.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"600\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"600\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"rubenlapalabrarazonada\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Escrit per\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"rubenlapalabrarazonada\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Temps estimat de lectura\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minuts\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/lapalabrarazonada.es\\\/la-sustancia-en-descartes\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/lapalabrarazonada.es\\\/la-sustancia-en-descartes\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"rubenlapalabrarazonada\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/lapalabrarazonada.es\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/59cb6b1b24076cf9ee7cb9ef6ba58a3f\"},\"headline\":\"La sustancia en Descartes\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-05-07T15:52:21+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-05-07T15:54:32+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/lapalabrarazonada.es\\\/la-sustancia-en-descartes\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":853,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/lapalabrarazonada.es\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/6b14849be31992f9af8248d92551481c\"},\"keywords\":[\"Descartes\"],\"articleSection\":[\"18. 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