{"id":977,"date":"2025-01-21T09:02:47","date_gmt":"2025-01-21T09:02:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/?p=977"},"modified":"2026-09-23T14:54:44","modified_gmt":"2026-09-23T14:54:44","slug":"pensamiento-presocratico","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/pensamiento-presocratico\/","title":{"rendered":"El problema de la realitat als presocr\u00e0tics"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"yoast-breadcrumbs\"><span><span><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/\">Portada<\/a><\/span> \u00bb <span><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/category\/historia-de-la-filosofia\/\">Hist\u00f2ria de la Filosofia<\/a><\/span> \u00bb <span><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/category\/historia-de-la-filosofia\/filosofia-antigua\/\">Filosofia Antiga<\/a><\/span> \u00bb <span class=\"breadcrumb_last\" aria-current=\"page\">El problema de la realitat als presocr\u00e0tics<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-spotify wp-block-embed-spotify wp-embed-aspect-21-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"Spotify Embed: 1. El pensament presocr\u00e0tic\" style=\"border-radius: 12px\" width=\"100%\" height=\"152\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; fullscreen; picture-in-picture\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/embed\/episode\/65U0JzwvvB4AO2oWUoyqfT?utm_source=oembed\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00cdndex per a la redacci\u00f3<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Introducci\u00f3 \u2013 Arj\u00e9 i natura<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00cdndex\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Contextualitzaci\u00f3: pas del mite al logos<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Desenvolupament del concepte de <strong>arj\u00e9<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Arj\u00e9 material: Escola de Milet, pitagorisme i atomisme<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Her\u00e0clit i Parm\u00e8nides\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Influ\u00e8ncia de Parm\u00e8nides a Plat\u00f3<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Conclusi\u00f3: arj\u00e9<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Introducci\u00f3<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>La pregunta per la naturalesa de la realitat \u00e9s un dels grans enigmes que han ocupat la ment humana des de<a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/historia-de-la-filosofia-2o-bach\/filosofia-antigua-2-bach\/\"> l&#039;inici del pensament filos\u00f2fic<\/a>. A la Gr\u00e8cia del segle VI aC, els presocr\u00e0tics es van enfrontar a aquest problema amb un enfocament revolucionari: van deixar de banda les explicacions m\u00edtiques i van buscar principis racionals i universals que poguessin adonar-se de l&#039;estructura fonamental del m\u00f3n. Analitzarem el problema de la realitat en els presocr\u00e0tics, les principals teories dels presocr\u00e0tics sobre la realitat, destacant com les seves idees van establir les bases per a la metaf\u00edsica i la ci\u00e8ncia moderna.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>El comentari et text que va sortir a l&#039;EBAU del 2025 va ser sobre el tema aqu\u00ed tractat. Et deixo per aqu\u00ed aquest comentari:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class='pt-cv-wrapper'> <div class=\"pt-cv-view pt-cv-overlaygrid iscvblock iscvreal overlay6 layout1\" id=\"pt-cv-view-r2pws9i9\"><div data-id=\"pt-cv-page-1\" class=\"pt-cv-page\" data-cvc=\"2\"><div class=\"pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col cv-main-post\" ><div class=\"pt-cv-thumb-wrapper\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/comentario-texto-presocraticos\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"343\" src=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/DALL\u00b7E-2025-01-21-09.53.19-A-visually-captivating-image-depicting-the-transition-from-a-mythical-worldview-to-a-philosophical-explanation.-On-one-side-there-is-a-scene-of-ancie-e1738431600542.webp\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"Cosmovisi\u00f3n m\u00edtica y explicaci\u00f3n filos\u00f3fica\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-overlay-wrapper\"><div class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/comentario-texto-presocraticos\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Comentari de text dels presocr\u00e0tics \u2013 EBAU Comunitat Valenciana 2025<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div> <\/div> <style>\n#pt-cv-view-r2pws9i9 .pt-cv-thumb-wrapper::before {background: rgba(0,0,0,.4); opacity: 0.8;}#pt-cv-view-r2pws9i9 .pt-cv-overlay-wrapper {justify-content: center;}\n#pt-cv-view-r2pws9i9 .pt-cv-meta-fields {  }#pt-cv-view-r2pws9i9 .pt-cv-meta-fields * { font-size: 13px; }#pt-cv-view-r2pws9i9 .pt-cv-title a { display: block; }#pt-cv-view-r2pws9i9 .pt-cv-title:not(.pt-cv-titlesm) a { font-weight: 600;text-decoration: none;font-size: 26px; }#pt-cv-view-r2pws9i9 .pt-cv-titlesm a { font-weight: 600;font-size: 20px; }#pt-cv-view-r2pws9i9 .pt-cv-content { font-size: 15px; }#pt-cv-view-r2pws9i9 .pt-cv-rmwrap {  }#pt-cv-view-r2pws9i9 .pt-cv-readmore { color: #fff;background-color: #0075ff;font-size: 14px; }#pt-cv-view-r2pws9i9 .pt-cv-taxoterm { margin: 0px 0px 20px 0px; }#pt-cv-view-r2pws9i9 .pt-cv-taxoterm * { color: #222;background-color: #fff6f6;font-size: 14px; }#pt-cv-view-r2pws9i9 + .pt-cv-pagination-wrapper {  }#pt-cv-view-r2pws9i9 + .pt-cv-pagination-wrapper a { font-size: 14px; }#pt-cv-view-r2pws9i9 > .pt-cv-page {grid-auto-rows: 250px;grid-template-rows: calc(250px*1.5);grid-gap: 10px;}\n@media all and (max-width: 1024px) { \n#pt-cv-view-r2pws9i9 > .pt-cv-page {}\n} \n@media all and (max-width: 767px) { \n#pt-cv-view-r2pws9i9 > .pt-cv-page {}\n} <\/style>\n\n\n<p>Per aqu\u00ed us deixo una classe online on comento un parell de textos sobre els presocr\u00e0tics:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Comentaris de text sobre els presocr\u00e0tics \/ Classe 29-09-2025 \/ Filosofia \/ 2n de Batxillerat\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/lKrM6HXs2-g?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Caracter\u00edstiques generals del problema de la realitat als presocr\u00e0tics<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>El pensament presocr\u00e0tic es caracteritza per la transici\u00f3 del mite al logos, \u00e9s a dir, del pensament m\u00edtic basat en relats tradicionals i sobrenaturals a una forma de pensament racional que busca explicacions naturals i fonamentades en l&#039;observaci\u00f3 i el raonament.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Un dels conceptes fonamentals a la filosofia presocr\u00e0tica \u00e9s la idea que l&#039;univers posseeix un ordre inherent que pot ser compr\u00e8s a trav\u00e9s de la ra\u00f3. Per a aquests primers fil\u00f2sofs, la realitat no \u00e9s el resultat d\u201faccions arbitr\u00e0ries dels d\u00e9us, sin\u00f3 que segueix principis interns i patrons regulars. Tot i aix\u00f2, tamb\u00e9 van observar que el m\u00f3n est\u00e0 en constant transformaci\u00f3, cosa que planteja el problema de com \u00e9s possible l&#039;exist\u00e8ncia d&#039;un cosmos estructurat i, alhora, subjecte al canvi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Her\u00e0clit sost\u00e9 que tot est\u00e0 en flux i que la transformaci\u00f3 \u00e9s l&#039;\u00fanica constant, mentre que Parm\u00e8nides defensa la idea d&#039;un \u00e9sser \u00fanic i immutable, negant la realitat del canvi. Aquest debat sobre la perman\u00e8ncia i l\u02bcesdevenir \u00e9s central en el pensament presocr\u00e0tic, ja que implica q\u00fcestionar com alguna cosa es pot mantenir estable dins un univers en transformaci\u00f3. Les idees principals que has de con\u00e8ixer en relaci\u00f3 amb el problema de la realitat en els presocr\u00e0tics s\u00f3n les seg\u00fcents:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Cerca de l&#039;arj\u00e9<\/strong>: Un dels trets fonamentals dels presocr\u00e0tics \u00e9s el seu inter\u00e8s per identificar el principi originari de totes les coses (<em>arj\u00e9<\/em>). Per a Tales de Milet, era l&#039;aigua; per a Anaximandro, l&#039;\u00e1peiron; per a Anax\u00edmenes, l&#039;aire. Aquesta cerca marca l&#039;inici de la reflexi\u00f3 filos\u00f2fica sobre la natura.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Explicacions racionals i sistem\u00e0tiques<\/strong>: Davant les explicacions m\u00edtiques de la tradici\u00f3, els presocr\u00e0tics proposen respostes racionals i fonamentades en l&#039;observaci\u00f3. El seu objectiu \u00e9s comprendre el m\u00f3n des de principis universals i necessaris, sense rec\u00f3rrer a intervencions divines.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Principi de la unitat a la multiplicitat<\/strong>: Encara que existia una gran diversitat de teories entre els presocr\u00e0tics, un element com\u00fa \u00e9s la idea que, malgrat la varietat dels fen\u00f2mens, hi ha una unitat subjacent a la natura. Alguns ho van expressar a trav\u00e9s d&#039;elements f\u00edsics, com el foc a Her\u00e0clit, o de principis abstractes, com l&#039;\u00c9sser a Parm\u00e8nides.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Fonamentaci\u00f3 de la f\u00edsica i la cosmologia<\/strong>: Els presocr\u00e0tics no nom\u00e9s es van preguntar per l&#039;origen del cosmos, sin\u00f3 que tamb\u00e9 van intentar oferir teories sobre la seva estructura i funcionament. Emp\u00e8docles va proposar la teoria dels quatre elements, Anax\u00e0gores va introduir el concepte de <em>nous<\/em> (ment) com a principi ordinador, i Leucipo i Dem\u00f2crit van postular l&#039;exist\u00e8ncia d&#039;\u00e0toms com a unitats indivisibles de la realitat.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">El principi darrer de la realitat<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Un altre tema clau en els presocr\u00e0tics va ser la cerca del <em>arj\u0113<\/em>, el principi fonamental que explica la diversitat i el canvi al m\u00f3n. Els primers presocr\u00e0tics van considerar que el <em>arj\u00e9 <\/em>era de naturalesa material. Una de les primeres fonts que conservem \u00e9s la Metaf\u00edsica d&#039;Arist\u00f2til.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Comentari de text - ARIST\u00d2TELS i els PRESOCR\u00c0TICS \/ Filosofia 2n Batxillerat \/ EBAU\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/0-bbgfw-ALs?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Aristoteles-sobre-los-presocraticos.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Incrustaci\u00f3 del fitxer Arist\u00f3teles sobre los presocr\u00e1ticos.\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-0dcb08c4-ed16-4cf6-a5e4-d26e9a78aa60\" href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Aristoteles-sobre-los-presocraticos.pdf\">Arist\u00f2til sobre els presocr\u00e0tics<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Aristoteles-sobre-los-presocraticos.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-0dcb08c4-ed16-4cf6-a5e4-d26e9a78aa60\">Desc\u00e0rrega<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tales de Milet: l&#039;aigua com a principi universal<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Considerat el primer fil\u00f2sof, Tales va postular que l&#039;aigua \u00e9s el principi (\u00e1rj\u0113) de totes les coses. La seva elecci\u00f3 no va ser arbitr\u00e0ria: va observar que l&#039;aigua \u00e9s essencial per a la vida, pot canviar d&#039;estat i \u00e9s present a tot arreu. Encara que aquesta idea pugui semblar rudiment\u00e0ria, \u00e9s un salt crucial: un intent d&#039;explicar la realitat mitjan\u00e7ant un principi material i no mitjan\u00e7ant intervencions divines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Anaximens i l&#039;aire<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Anax\u00edmenes, tamb\u00e9 de Milet, va proposar que l&#039;aire era l&#039;\u00e1rj\u0113. La seva teoria es basava en l&#039;observaci\u00f3 que l&#039;aire, en condensar-se i rarificar-se, pot transformar-se en diferents estats de la mat\u00e8ria, com ara aigua, terra o foc. Aquesta idea va introduir el concepte de processos graduals i mec\u00e0nics a l&#039;explicaci\u00f3 del canvi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Emp\u00e8docles i els quatre elements<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Emp\u00e8docles va ampliar la recerca de l&#039;\u00e1rj\u0113 en proposar que la realitat est\u00e0 composta per quatre elements fonamentals: terra, aigua, aire i foc. Aquests elements, combinats i separats per dues forces oposades (amor i odi), expliquen la diversitat i el canvi al m\u00f3n. Aquesta teoria va tenir una influ\u00e8ncia duradora, sent represa per Arist\u00f2til i la ci\u00e8ncia medieval.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">L&#039;atomisme<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-42b59abc-520b-4ad3-b6fd-03e5a913a95d\" href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Marx-sobre-Democrito-word.odt\">Marx sobre Dem\u00f2crit \u2013 word<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Marx-sobre-Democrito-word.odt\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-42b59abc-520b-4ad3-b6fd-03e5a913a95d\">Desc\u00e0rrega<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Marx-sobre-Democrito.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Incrustaci\u00f3 del fitxer Marx sobre Dem\u00f3crito.\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-e766cffc-eeef-47d8-96a0-c5815a42fa46\" href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Marx-sobre-Democrito.pdf\">Marx sobre Dem\u00f2crit<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Marx-sobre-Democrito.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-e766cffc-eeef-47d8-96a0-c5815a42fa46\">Desc\u00e0rrega<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Els atomistes, representats per Leucipo i el seu deixeble Dem\u00f2crit als segles V-IV aC, van defensar una de les teories materialistes m\u00e9s influents de l&#039;Antiguitat. Segons ells, la realitat est\u00e0 composta per \u00e0toms, part\u00edcules indivisibles, eternes i immutables que es mouen al buit. Els \u00e0toms es diferencien \u00fanicament per la forma, la mida i la posici\u00f3, i en combinar-se originen totes les coses. Aix\u00ed, els canvis i els fen\u00f2mens naturals s&#039;expliquen per la reorganitzaci\u00f3 mec\u00e0nica dels \u00e0toms, sense necessitat de rec\u00f3rrer a d\u00e9us ni a causes sobrenaturals. Aquest enfocament suposa un pas decisiu cap a una concepci\u00f3 racional, materialista i cient\u00edfica del m\u00f3n, en qu\u00e8 tot all\u00f2 existent pot entendre&#039;s com a resultat de lleis necess\u00e0ries de la mat\u00e8ria i del moviment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Per aqu\u00ed us deixo un comentari de text sobre l&#039;atomisme:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class='pt-cv-wrapper'> <div class=\"pt-cv-view pt-cv-overlaygrid iscvblock iscvreal overlay6 layout1\" id=\"pt-cv-view-vethgde3\"><div data-id=\"pt-cv-page-1\" class=\"pt-cv-page\" data-cvc=\"2\"><div class=\"pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col cv-main-post\" ><div class=\"pt-cv-thumb-wrapper\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/comentario-de-texto-resuelto-sobre-el-atomismo\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Atomismo.jpg\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"Comentario de texto atomismo\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-overlay-wrapper\"><div class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/comentario-de-texto-resuelto-sobre-el-atomismo\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Comentari de text resolt sobre l&#039;atomisme<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div> <\/div> <style>\n#pt-cv-view-vethgde3 .pt-cv-thumb-wrapper::before {background: rgba(0,0,0,.4); opacity: 0.8;}#pt-cv-view-vethgde3 .pt-cv-overlay-wrapper {justify-content: center;}\n#pt-cv-view-vethgde3 .pt-cv-meta-fields {  }#pt-cv-view-vethgde3 .pt-cv-meta-fields * { font-size: 13px; }#pt-cv-view-vethgde3 .pt-cv-title a { display: block; }#pt-cv-view-vethgde3 .pt-cv-title:not(.pt-cv-titlesm) a { font-weight: 600;text-decoration: none;font-size: 26px; }#pt-cv-view-vethgde3 .pt-cv-titlesm a { font-weight: 600;font-size: 20px; }#pt-cv-view-vethgde3 .pt-cv-content { font-size: 15px; }#pt-cv-view-vethgde3 .pt-cv-rmwrap {  }#pt-cv-view-vethgde3 .pt-cv-readmore { color: #fff;background-color: #0075ff;font-size: 14px; }#pt-cv-view-vethgde3 .pt-cv-taxoterm { margin: 0px 0px 20px 0px; }#pt-cv-view-vethgde3 .pt-cv-taxoterm * { color: #222;background-color: #fff6f6;font-size: 14px; }#pt-cv-view-vethgde3 + .pt-cv-pagination-wrapper {  }#pt-cv-view-vethgde3 + .pt-cv-pagination-wrapper a { font-size: 14px; }#pt-cv-view-vethgde3 > .pt-cv-page {grid-auto-rows: 250px;grid-template-rows: calc(250px*1.5);grid-gap: 10px;}\n@media all and (max-width: 1024px) { \n#pt-cv-view-vethgde3 > .pt-cv-page {}\n} \n@media all and (max-width: 767px) { \n#pt-cv-view-vethgde3 > .pt-cv-page {}\n} <\/style>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">El pitagorisme<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>El pitagorisme va ser una escola filos\u00f2fica i religiosa fundada per <strong>Pit\u00e0gores de Samos<\/strong> al segle VI a. C. que va unir la reflexi\u00f3 racional amb una forma de vida comunit\u00e0ria basada en la purificaci\u00f3 de l&#039;\u00e0nima. Els pitag\u00f2rics creien que <strong>l&#039;ess\u00e8ncia de totes les coses \u00e9s el n\u00famero<\/strong>, i que l&#039;ordre del cosmos reflecteix una harmonia matem\u00e0tica. Pels pitag\u00f2rics, el nombre \u00e9s una realitat material, ja que ho entenen espacialment: l&#039;un seria el punt, el dos la l\u00ednia i el tres l&#039;espai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Quadre comparatiu<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"368\" src=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Tabla-presocraticos-1024x368.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2694\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Tabla-presocraticos-1024x368.png 1024w, https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Tabla-presocraticos-300x108.png 300w, https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Tabla-presocraticos-768x276.png 768w, https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Tabla-presocraticos.png 1080w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">El problema de l&#039;\u00e9sser i el canvi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Diapositivas-Heraclito-y-Parmenides.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Incrustaci\u00f3 del fitxer Diapositivas - Her\u00e1clito y Parm\u00e9nides.\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-8de8b456-56f1-4a32-ae8e-9dcd780b8272\" href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Diapositivas-Heraclito-y-Parmenides.pdf\">Diapositives \u2013 Her\u00e0clit i Parm\u00e8nides<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Diapositivas-Heraclito-y-Parmenides.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-8de8b456-56f1-4a32-ae8e-9dcd780b8272\">Desc\u00e0rrega<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Una de les q\u00fcestions centrals de la filosofia presocr\u00e0tica va ser explicar com hi pot haver el canvi sense que la realitat deixi de ser el que \u00e9s. Al nostre voltant observem constantment transformacions: els \u00e9ssers vius neixen i moren, els objectes es deterioren, les estacions se succeeixen i nosaltres mateixos canviem amb el pas del temps. Tanmateix, tamb\u00e9 suposem que, darrere d&#039;aquests canvis, hi ha una certa perman\u00e8ncia que ens permet recon\u00e8ixer les coses com aquestes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D&#039;aqu\u00ed sorgeix un problema filos\u00f2fic fonamental: <strong>com pot canviar alguna cosa i continuar sent el mateix?<\/strong> Si una cosa canvia completament, semblaria convertir-se en una altra; per\u00f2 si roman exactament igual, aleshores no hi hauria veritable canvi. Aquesta tensi\u00f3 entre <strong>canvi i perman\u00e8ncia<\/strong> condueix a una q\u00fcesti\u00f3 encara m\u00e9s profunda: determinar qu\u00e8 \u00e9s veritablement real, all\u00f2 que canvia o all\u00f2 que roman.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Her\u00e0clit i Parm\u00e8nides van oferir dues respostes radicalment diferents a aquest problema. Mentre Her\u00e0clit va fer del canvi una caracter\u00edstica fonamental de la realitat, Parm\u00e8nides va sostenir que la ra\u00f3 obliga a negar la possibilitat mateixa del canvi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Her\u00e0clit: el flux constant<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Her\u00e0clit d&#039;Efes va defensar una concepci\u00f3 din\u00e0mica de la realitat. El m\u00f3n no est\u00e0 compost per coses absolutament estables sin\u00f3 per processos de transformaci\u00f3 cont\u00ednua. Tradicionalment se&#039;n resumeix el pensament mitjan\u00e7ant l&#039;expressi\u00f3 \u00abtot flueix\u00bb (<em>panta rhei<\/em>): res roman exactament igual perqu\u00e8 tot est\u00e0 sotm\u00e8s a l&#039;esdevenir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aquesta idea sol il\u00b7lustrar-se mitjan\u00e7ant la imatge del riu. No podem banyar-nos dues vegades exactament al mateix riu perqu\u00e8, quan tornem, les aig\u00fces que el componien ja han passat i han estat substitu\u00efdes per altres. Per\u00f2, alhora, seguim parlant del \u00abmateix riu\u00bb. La realitat combina, doncs, transformaci\u00f3 i certa continu\u00eftat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Per a Her\u00e0clit, el canvi tampoc no s&#039;ha d&#039;entendre com un desordre absolut. Encara que la realitat es trobi en cont\u00ednua transformaci\u00f3, hi ha un principi racional que organitza aquest esdevenir: el <strong>logos<\/strong>. El <em>logos<\/em> \u00e9s la llei o ordre com\u00fa que governa els canvis de la naturalesa. Per aix\u00f2, darrere de l&#039;aparent inestabilitat del m\u00f3n hi ha una regularitat que la ra\u00f3 pot descobrir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia d&#039;aquesta concepci\u00f3 \u00e9s important: all\u00f2 que a primera vista sembla estable \u00e9s, en realitat, un proc\u00e9s. Les coses continuen sent el que s\u00f3n precisament perqu\u00e8 estan canviant constantment. La identitat no consisteix, per tant, a romandre absolutament imm\u00f2bil, sin\u00f3 a mantenir un cert ordre dins del canvi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Parm\u00e8nides: l&#039;\u00e9sser \u00e9s, el no-\u00e9sser no \u00e9s<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Parm\u00e8nides d&#039;Elea parteix d&#039;un plantejament completament diferent. En lloc de confiar en all\u00f2 que mostren els sentits, comen\u00e7a la seva reflexi\u00f3 des d&#039;un principi racional: <strong>\u00abl&#039;\u00e9sser \u00e9s i el no-\u00e9sser no \u00e9s\u00bb<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aquesta afirmaci\u00f3 sembla evident, per\u00f2 Parm\u00e8nides n&#039;extreu conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies radicals. Si alguna cosa existeix, aleshores \u00e9s; all\u00f2 que no existeix, en canvi, no es pot pensar com una realitat. Per aix\u00f2, res no pot sorgir veritablement del no res ni convertir-se completament en res.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aquest raonament planteja un problema greu al canvi. Quan afirmem que alguna cosa canvia, sembla que diem que una cosa que abans <strong>no era<\/strong> comen\u00e7a a ser, o que alguna cosa que <strong>era<\/strong> deixa de ser. Per\u00f2 per a Parm\u00e8nides ambdues possibilitats impliquen rec\u00f3rrer al no-\u00e9sser. Si el no-\u00e9sser no existeix, llavors el pas del no-\u00e9sser en ser o de l&#039;\u00e9sser al no-\u00e9sser resulta impossible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>El naixement i la destrucci\u00f3 serien, per tant, impossibles des del punt de vista racional. Res no pot comen\u00e7ar absolutament a existir ni deixar completament d&#039;existir. El canvi que percebem mitjan\u00e7ant els sentits no pertany a la realitat real, sin\u00f3 \u00fanicament a l&#039;aparen\u00e7a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Parm\u00e8nides distingeix aix\u00ed entre dos camins de coneixement. La <strong>via de l&#039;opini\u00f3<\/strong> (<em>doxa<\/em>) \u00e9s la que seguim quan confiem en els sentits. Aquests ens mostren un m\u00f3n caracteritzat per la multiplicitat i el canvi: veiem coses que neixen, es transformen i es desapareixen. Per\u00f2 els sentits ens poden enganyar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Davant seu es troba la <strong>via de la veritat<\/strong> (<em>aletheia<\/em>), basada en la ra\u00f3. Si seguim estrictament les exig\u00e8ncies del pensament racional, hem de concloure que nom\u00e9s existeix l&#039;\u00c9sser i que aquest no es pot transformar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L&#039;\u00e9sser veritable t\u00e9, per aix\u00f2, diverses caracter\u00edstiques. \u00c9s <strong>un<\/strong>, perqu\u00e8 si hi hagu\u00e9s diverses realitats hauria d&#039;existir alguna cosa que les separ\u00e9s, i aquest espai seria no ser. \u00c9s <strong>etern<\/strong>, perqu\u00e8 no pot haver comen\u00e7at a existir ni pot deixar d&#039;existir. \u00c9s <strong>immutable<\/strong>, perqu\u00e8 qualsevol canvi implicaria deixar de ser alguna cosa per convertir-se en una altra cosa. I \u00e9s tamb\u00e9 <strong>indivisible i homogeni<\/strong>, doncs qualsevol difer\u00e8ncia dins de l&#039;\u00c9sser introduiria d&#039;alguna manera all\u00f2 que no \u00e9s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Parm\u00e8nides estableix aix\u00ed una oposici\u00f3 entre <strong>aparen\u00e7a i realitat<\/strong>. Els sentits mostren canvi i multiplicitat; la ra\u00f3, en canvi, mostra perman\u00e8ncia i unitat. L&#039;aut\u00e8ntica filosofia ha d&#039;abandonar les aparences i seguir all\u00f2 que es pot demostrar racionalment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Ortega-sobre-Parmenides.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Incrustaci\u00f3 del fitxer Ortega sobre Parm\u00e9nides.\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-f456bdad-043c-4ebf-9874-29c4e49915b0\" href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Ortega-sobre-Parmenides.pdf\">Ortega sobre Parm\u00e8nides<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Ortega-sobre-Parmenides.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-f456bdad-043c-4ebf-9874-29c4e49915b0\">Desc\u00e0rrega<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Rellev\u00e0ncia contempor\u00e0nia<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>El problema de la realitat que van ocupar els presocr\u00e0tics continua sent pertinent a la filosofia i la ci\u00e8ncia actual. Q\u00fcestions com la naturalesa del temps, l&#039;estructura fonamental de l&#039;univers i la relaci\u00f3 entre canvi i perman\u00e8ncia s\u00f3n al centre de disciplines com la f\u00edsica qu\u00e0ntica, la cosmologia i la teoria de sistemes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusi\u00f3: el problema de la realitat als presocr\u00e0tics<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Els presocr\u00e0tics van transformar la nostra comprensi\u00f3 de la realitat en substituir les explicacions m\u00edtiques per enfocaments racionals i sistem\u00e0tics. Les seves idees, encara que desenvolupades fa m\u00e9s de dos mil anys, continuen inspirant el pensament filos\u00f2fic i cient\u00edfic. Estudiar el problema de la realitat als presocr\u00e0tics ens convida a reflexionar sobre les nostres pr\u00f2pies concepcions de la realitat ia q\u00fcestionar els l\u00edmits del nostre coneixement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Preguntes Freq\u00fcents:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"schema-faq wp-block-yoast-faq-block\"><div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1737449887528\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\"><strong>Qu\u00e8 significa el concepte de <\/strong><em><strong>arj\u0113<\/strong><\/em><strong> als presocr\u00e0tics?<\/strong><\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">El <em>arj\u0113<\/em> \u00e9s el principi fonamental o element b\u00e0sic que els presocr\u00e0tics van buscar per explicar l&#039;estructura i l&#039;origen del cosmos.<\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1737449906962\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\"><strong>Com es diferencien les idees d&#039;Her\u00e0clit i Parm\u00e8nides sobre el canvi?<\/strong><\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">Her\u00e0clit afirmava que el canvi \u00e9s l&#039;ess\u00e8ncia de la realitat, mentre que Parm\u00e8nides considerava que el canvi \u00e9s una il\u00b7lusi\u00f3 i que la veritable realitat \u00e9s immutable.<\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1737449913788\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\"><strong>Per qu\u00e8 es considera Tales de Milet el primer fil\u00f2sof?<\/strong><\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">Aquest \u00e9s considerat el primer fil\u00f2sof perqu\u00e8 va intentar explicar l&#039;origen del cosmos mitjan\u00e7ant un principi natural (l&#039;aigua) en lloc de rec\u00f3rrer a explicacions m\u00edtiques.<\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1737449927793\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\"><strong>Qu\u00e8 va aportar Anax\u00e0gores a la filosofia presocr\u00e0tica?<\/strong><\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">Anax\u00e0gores va introduir la idea d&#039;una ment universal (<em>nous<\/em>) com a principi organitzador del cosmos, anticipant conceptes moderns sobre la intel\u00b7lig\u00e8ncia i l&#039;ordre.<\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1737449939472\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\"><strong>Per qu\u00e8 continuen sent rellevants els presocr\u00e0tics avui dia?<\/strong><\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">Les seves preguntes sobre la realitat, el canvi i l&#039;\u00e9sser s\u00f3n atemporals i continuen inspirant debats filos\u00f2fics i cient\u00edfics actuals.<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n\n\n<div class='pt-cv-wrapper'> <div class=\"pt-cv-view pt-cv-blockgrid iscvblock iscvreal grid1 layout1\" id=\"pt-cv-view-n9d3hgii\"><div data-id=\"pt-cv-page-1\" class=\"pt-cv-page\" data-cvc=\"3\"><div class=\"pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class=\"pt-cv-thumb-wrapper\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/comentario-de-texto-aristoteles-etica-a-nicomaco-ebau-2023\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"685\" height=\"349\" src=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Aristoteles.webp\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"Arist\u00f3teles comentario de texto \u00e9tica\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/comentario-de-texto-aristoteles-etica-a-nicomaco-ebau-2023\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Comentari de text \u2013 Arist\u00f2til. \u00c8tica a Nic\u00f2mac \u2013 EBAU 2023<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content\">Introducci\u00f3 Amb aquest comentari de text resolt d&#039;Arist\u00f2til treballarem un fragment de l&#039;\u00c8tica a Nic\u00f2mac que va apar\u00e8ixer a \u2026<\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-rmwrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/comentario-de-texto-aristoteles-etica-a-nicomaco-ebau-2023\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-readmore btn btn-success\" target=\"_self\" >Llegiu-ne M\u00e9s<\/a><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class=\"pt-cv-thumb-wrapper\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/de-la-polis-al-imperio\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"439\" src=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/DALL\u00b7E-2025-01-21-10.31.57-An-artistic-depiction-of-Hellenistic-philosophy-and-culture.-The-scene-shows-a-lively-gathering-in-a-Greek-stoa-with-philosophers-like-Epicurus-Zeno-768x439.webp\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"De la Polis al Imperio\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/de-la-polis-al-imperio\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >De la Polis a l&#039;Imperi<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content\">Introducci\u00f3 El pas de la polis grega a l&#039;imperi hel\u00b7len\u00edstic va marcar un canvi profund en l&#039;estructura pol\u00edtica, social i \u2026<\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-rmwrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/de-la-polis-al-imperio\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-readmore btn btn-success\" target=\"_self\" >Llegiu-ne M\u00e9s<\/a><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class=\"pt-cv-thumb-wrapper\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lapalabrarazonada.es\/ca\/la-discusion-etica-en-la-filosofia-griega\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"439\" 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}#pt-cv-view-n9d3hgii .pt-cv-thumb-wrapper:not(.miniwrap) {  }#pt-cv-view-n9d3hgii .pt-cv-thumbnail:not(.pt-cv-thumbnailsm) { height: 104px; }#pt-cv-view-n9d3hgii .pt-cv-title a { display: block; }#pt-cv-view-n9d3hgii .pt-cv-title:not(.pt-cv-titlesm) a { font-weight: 600;text-decoration: none;font-size: 20px; }#pt-cv-view-n9d3hgii .pt-cv-titlesm a { font-weight: 600;font-size: 18px; }#pt-cv-view-n9d3hgii .pt-cv-content { font-size: 15px; }#pt-cv-view-n9d3hgii .pt-cv-rmwrap {  }#pt-cv-view-n9d3hgii .pt-cv-readmore { color: #fff;background-color: #0075ff;font-size: 14px; }#pt-cv-view-n9d3hgii .pt-cv-taxoterm {  }#pt-cv-view-n9d3hgii .pt-cv-taxoterm * { color: #222;background-color: #fff6f6;font-size: 14px; }#pt-cv-view-n9d3hgii + .pt-cv-pagination-wrapper {  }#pt-cv-view-n9d3hgii + .pt-cv-pagination-wrapper a { font-size: 14px; }#pt-cv-view-n9d3hgii > .pt-cv-page {grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);grid-gap: 20px;}\n@media all and (max-width: 1024px) { \n#pt-cv-view-n9d3hgii > .pt-cv-page {}\n} \n@media all and (max-width: 767px) { \n#pt-cv-view-n9d3hgii > .pt-cv-page {grid-template-columns: repeat(1, 1fr);}\n} <\/style>\n\n\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00cdndice para la redacci\u00f3n Introducci\u00f3n La pregunta por la naturaleza de la realidad es uno de los grandes enigmas que han ocupado la mente humana desde el inicio del pensamiento filos\u00f3fico. En la Grecia del siglo VI a.C., los presocr\u00e1ticos se enfrentaron a este problema con un enfoque revolucionario: dejaron de lado las explicaciones m\u00edticas [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":978,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"iawp_total_views":1512,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[408],"tags":[335,336,339,337,338,340],"class_list":["post-977","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-filosofia-antigua","tag-filosofia-antigua","tag-heraclito","tag-parmenides","tag-presocraticos","tag-problema-del-ser","tag-realidad-y-cambio"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast 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